Emerson and Thoreau - 831 Words

#8220;Dance to the beat of your own drummer:#8221; A piece of advice that I have been told my whole life, and have tried my hardest to follow. The words were taken from Thoreau#8217;s quote, #8220;If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer.#8221; Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau changed our lives. How? Well, the answer is not so simple as the statement. To understand fully how they affected our lives, we have to understand the philosophy of Emerson and Thoreau, and the relationship between the two. So let#8217;s begin with the relationship between Emerson and Thoreau. Emerson was born in 1803, into a family of ministers. He went to Harvard where he†¦show more content†¦... Thoreau was very much an activist. Whereas Emerson would simply write an essay on something that he felt strongly about, Thoreau would take it to the next level and participate. For example, in the anti-slavery movement. Emers on never took a stand on abolition; he never stated if he was for or against it. This angered Thoreau. Not only did Thoreau write several essay#8217;s on the subject, attacking it in the essay Slavery in Massachusetts, and defending the violent abolitionist John Brown, and his raid at Harpers Ferry in A Plea for Captain John Brown , but he was also an activist for abolitionist principles. Emerson tended to think things out in his head and write them down on paper, as opposed to Thoreau, who acted his feelings out. So how did Emerson and Thoreau change our lives? Without their pioneering essays on such subjects as #8220;Self-Reliance#8221; and #8220;Civil Disobedience#8221;, we might never be able to express ourselves without worries of fitting into the constraints and the conformity of our society. We might never be able to #8220;Dance to the beat of our ownShow MoreRelated Emerson and Thoreau791 Words   |  4 PagesWaldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau whole-heartedly embrac ed these principles. In their essays â€Å"Self-Reliance† and â€Å"Civil Disobedience†, Emerson and Thoreau, respectively, argue for individuality and personal expression in different manners. In â€Å"Self-Reliance†, Emerson calls for individuals to speak their minds and resist societal conformity, while in â€Å"Civil Disobedience† Thoreau urged Americans to publicly state their opinions in order to improve their own government. Both Thoreau and EmersonRead MoreThoreau and Emerson1674 Words   |  7 PagesTitle: Thoreau and Emerson In today’s society each individual has the ability to thinks for themselves, but the inception of different ideas and thoughts has led to a population that’s dominated by the majority . We live in a society where a media, television and internet are the sources of manipulating a person’s mind. It also creates their mindset to determine how one think about themselves or and different view point on topic. In this particular essay I am going to be talking about two mainRead MoreEssay on Emerson And Thoreau811 Words   |  4 Pagestried my hardest to follow. The words were taken from Thoreauamp;#8217;s quote, amp;#8220;If a man does not keep pace with his companions, perhaps it is because he hears a different drummer.; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau changed our lives. How? Well, the answer is not so simple as the statement. To understand fully how they affected our lives, we have to understand the philosophy of Emerson and Thoreau, and the relationship between the two. So letamp;#8217;sRead MoreThe True Transcendentalist: Thoreau and Emerson775 Words   |  3 Pagestranscendentalism began to start two people played a major role Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau, but who is truly a transcendentalist. Ralph Waldo Emerson was born in Boston, Massachusetts on May 25, 1803. His father was a minister as well as seven of his male family members. He graduated from Harvard University at the age of eighteen. Then he taught school with his brother William for three years. Which Emerson was unhappy teaching so he decided to go and change his life.Which wasRead MoreWakefulness: Thoreau, Whitman, and Emerson1532 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"To be awake means to be alive†, and to be awake during the time of Romanticism meant one could witness literature as an intellectual achievement. Henry David Thoreau, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and Walt Whitman were three authors during this time that wrote about an idea that would later become the theme of many papers, discussions and lectures, Wakefulness. Though some may not have recognized the significance of these authors’ work at the time, their ideas and beliefs have captivated the minds of manyRead MoreEmerson And Thoreau : The Ideas Of Transcendentalism960 Words   |  4 Pageslife to its fullest. Two of the most influential transcendentalist writers, Emerson and Thoreau, have lived in the Concepts box and have learned the following: Living from the inside out, Contemplating one ripple in the pond, and Building a fire in the mind. Thoreau has many influential ideas of transcendentalism, although, one of his most well know ones are how people need to live from the inside out. Emerson and Thoreau, were able to see what others saw. They took the task of seeing from othersRead MoreViews On Emerson s And Thoreau2508 Words   |  11 PagesViews on Emerson ´s and Thoreau ´s Works Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau are definitely two of the most influential writers in the 19th century. Thoreau was born in Concord, and Emerson in Boston. They both attended Harvard; Thoreau decided to pursue the career of teaching because of his brothers, while Emerson decided to become a Unitarian minister just like his father. These two writers lived during the transcendentalism period and both of them used this philosophy as way of living theirRead MoreThe Ideas Of Transcendentalism By Emerson And Thoreau1264 Words   |  6 Pagesintroduction of the ideas of self-dependence and spiritual guidance. Alongside these points, the complexity of our relationship with nature was explicitly explained, and the importance of stable morals was expounded. Transcendentalists, mainly led by Emerson and Thoreau, who were the literary leaders of that time, introduced a new way of thinking that implored the world around them to get in touch with their core and their sense of right an d wrong. These writers, creators, doers, and thinkers knew where theyRead MoreRalph Waldo Emerson And Thoreau975 Words   |  4 Pagesreason. A following of the heart rather than the mind. Also the setting apart from society. There are two who comes to mind; Thoreau and Emerson. Where Emerson and Thoreau were clear examples of Bright Romanticism exemplified by the inclusion of nature, a positive view of mankind, and a poetic style that broke traditional method. Ralph Waldo Emerson exemplified him being a clear examples of Bright Romanticism with his first inclusion of nature. An excerpt talking about theRead More Emerson and Thoreau Represent American Identity1511 Words   |  7 PagesCompare and contrast the way in which Emerson and Thoreau represent American Identity. â€Å"Identity means who a person is, or the qualities of a person or group which make them different from others,† (Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, Third Edition). Every individual, group and country has their own identity which makes them different from others and it shows uniqueness of oneself. Reaction against the existing philosophy takes place when there is conflict in interest amongst the philosophers

Queen Elizabeth The Last Tudor Monarch - 1409 Words

As the child of Henry VIII, Queen Elizabeth was the last Tudor monarch who ruled England from 1558-1603, or Elizabethan Era. Before her reign, England experienced wars and unemployment, leaving many citizens starving and jobless. There were also religious conflicts, mainly between Protestant and Catholic, because of previous monarchs changing religion very often. Due to these conflicts, Queen Elizabeth was compelled to devote her time in resolving economic and religious conflicts. Despite numerous problems in England at that time, the Queen also managed to engage in art including music and painting. Although Elizabeth experienced hardships during her childhood, her efforts in spreading art and establishing new ways of governing contributed in making her one of the most influential figures in both her time and in history. Queen Elizabeth, as a child, experienced scandals that threatened her position in the royal family which led to her pursuing the â€Å"perfect protestant woman† image so she can secure her way to the throne. Since the execution of her mother and Henry VIII’s death, she was driven out of her position in the kingdom and she was forced to live with the new queen Jane Seymour. Because Jane Seymour’s husband, Thomas Seymour, often teased young Elizabeth, members of the royal family started rumors about their relationship. As a result, Elizabeth wore Protestant clothes such as a plain black and white dress without any jewellery to demonstrate that she is pure and hadShow MoreRelatedA Royal Catfight: The Battle Between Queen Elizabeth I and Queen Mary Stuart1465 Words   |  6 PagesThe reign of Queen Elizabeth I was known as the Elizabethan Age. At this time, the Renaissance had spread to England. As a ruler, she was well educated, speaking about four different languages (Beck 963). However, it was not just her knowledge that made her into a popular monarch. Her personality helped her to become a successful politician as well. I n a documentary about Queen Elizabeth I, it was stated, â€Å"She was vain, spiteful, arrogant. She was frequently unjust, and she was often maddeninglyRead More Overview of the Monarchs of the Tudor Dynasty Essay1184 Words   |  5 Pagescome. The many King and Queens of England are divided into different eras by families. One of the families was the Tudor family, which is a well-known English monarchy. The Tudors were a family that ruled England from 1485 to 1603 whom ranged from Henry VII to Elizabeth I these rulers were well known because of different attributes they gave England. I will be providing information about all six rulers that reigned England in this distinctive dynasty. Each King or Queen will have information aboutRead MoreTaking a Look at Queen Elizabeth I570 Words   |  2 Pages She is the last Tudor monarch, and the only virgin queen in her bloodline. Elizabeth I of England was born on September 7, 1533 at Greenwich palace to Anne Boleyn and Henry VIII. After her sister, Mary I, died on November 17, 1558, Elizabeth came back from her arrest to claim the throne. She is known for being a cunning and shrewd survivalist. Since birth, her life has been about surviving all the odds against her. As she fights her way to the top, the economy, the country’s culture, scienceRead MoreIn the Content of the Period 1485-1587, to What Extent Did the Northern Rebellion of 1569 Represent a Significant Threat to the Security of the Tudor State3198 Words   |  13 Pagessignificant threat to the security of the Tudor State? Rebellions caused a serious threat to monarchs; and as a result of the War of The Roses and Henry VII’s usurpation in 1485, the Tudor Dynasty had effectively been founded on Rebellion so it may be possible to assume that the Tudor Dynasty could be removed by rebellion. The Tudor period can be seen as a time of unrest as each Tudor monarch had at least one rebellion during their reign. The majority of the Tudor rebellions were a significant threatRead MoreElizabeth The First Was The Queen Of England And Ireland1692 Words   |  7 PagesElizabeth the First was the Queen of England and Ireland from 1553 to 1603. She was the final and fifth monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Elizabeth had many talents, which enabled her to be a capable, strong leader. For many reasons Elizabeth was one of the most notable personalities of Tudor, one being that she kept stability in a nation that was troubled with political and religious rebellion. Against the pressures of parliament she maintained aut hority of the crown. She was able to transform England’sRead MoreQueen Mary and Queen Elizabeth of England1626 Words   |  7 PagesQueen Mary and Queen Elizabeth of England Sixteenth century England experienced a phenomenon sometimes referred to as the Age of Queens. The decisive power of the country was placed in women’s hands and their reigns were watched with a reasonable doubt. There is contrast of rule in terms of reigns between Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth of England, both of whom were engaged in a protracted struggle for the English throne. Beside the legitimacy of their claims, there are more significant considerationsRead MoreEssay on Queen Elizabeth I - Family, Religion, and Politics1479 Words   |  6 PagesBorn of a king whose most disappointing day was that of her birth, Elizabeth Tudor’s life seemed almost made for trials and controversy, both personally and politically. Although she had, at times, a horrible temper and a disagreeable personality, and suffered through many physical and psychological problems as an adult, Elizabeth proved to be one of the most remarkable monarchs in English history. Firstly, I will discuss Elizabeth’s family (including her many stepmothers), and then I will talkRead MoreThe Acts of Supremacy719 Words   |  3 PagesThe first Act of Supremacy was introduced by Henry VIII in 1534 during his rule of England. Later, when Elizabeth I came to the throne, the second Act of Supremacy was introduced to bring back the reforms that Mary had abolished. Both of these acts have many similarities but also some fundamental differences that helped indicate the type of ruler each monarch would be. Before discussing the differences it is important to first understand how the Act of Supremacy came about. Little is known aboutRead MoreEssay on Queen Elizabeth841 Words   |  4 PagesThe last queen of the Tudor dynasty, Queen Elizabeth I proved to be on of the most celebrated, and controversial leaders in English history. Raised in a neglectful home, and shadowed by her mothers reputation, Elizabeth did not have the royal treatment that her siblings received. From her birth, she was a disappointment, as a child she was intelligent, yet unnoticed, and the road to her 1558-1603 reign was troubled. Elizabeth was born on September 7, 1533. To the disappointment of King HenryRead MoreKings and Queens: The Tudors Essay1228 Words   |  5 PagesThe Tudors consisted of five kings and queens as well as Lady Jane Grey. The family line began when King Henry V passed away and his wife later on remarried a man named Owen Tudor. The Tudors were known as the most powerful, feared, and inspirational line of people to have lived during their time Owen Tudor, worked for the king within his courts as a Welsh owner, during the time of Owen’s marriage, Owen and the queen ended up having a son named Edward and it was said that he was to be the next in

Hamlet and His Characteristics free essay sample

The classic Tragic Hero â€Å"A hero is a man who does what he can. † Romain Rolland What is a tragic hero? Are tragic heroes considered to have better qualities, and yet suffer from the many shortcomings of life? I believe that a classic tragic hero is a person that has many excellent qualities for a hero, and yet dies due to the mistakes that he makes. As Romain said, â€Å"A hero is a man who does what he can† and Hamlet is a perfect example on how he had to give up everything to commit to his revenge. This is why I believe Hamlet is the perfect classic tragic hero, because although he did not do anything that was wrong, he still suffered and died because of his characteristics. This is why I believe that the seven soliloquies of Hamlet, show the progression of his characteristics, and show the multiple qualities of a hero, thus making him a perfect example of a classic tragic hero. The first soliloquy in Hamlet (Act I, Scene II), talks about the suffering that Hamlet is going through as he realizes that his father is dead and his mother has married his uncle. But two months dead! — nay, not so much, not two: So excellent a king; that was, to this, Hyperion to a satyr;† (I. II. 137-140) Hamlet doesn’t get why his mother married so fast and gets extremely mad about that. He wonders if she even loved his father and this causes his to think about suicide, but back in the Elizabethan era, suicide was looked down upon, which is seen in Act I, Scene II, Line 132-133. â€Å"†¦His canon gainst self-slaughter! O God! O God! How weary, stale, flat, and unprofitable Seem to me all the uses of this world! † This is the only reason why Hamlet can’t kill himself. Hamlet felt that he was the only one that thought that this marriage was an unnatural and starts to dislikes Claudius. Back in the day, women were not allowed to marry after their husbands died, so when Gertrude marries Claudius, Hamlet feels that something weird was going on. â€Å"Would have mournd longer†¦dexterity to incestuous sheets! † (I. II. 151-157) I think that he felt that his mother only married Claudius so that she wasn’t alone at nights and so that she could still remain queen over Denmark. He also doesn’t think Claudius can compare to his dad and a beginning of hatred and disgust rises within Hamlet for both Gertrude and Claudius. The first soliloquy also shows the multiple good qualities that develop Hamlet as the play goes on. â€Å"It is not, nor it cannot come to good; But break my heart, — for I must hold my tongue! †(I. II. 158-159) This is the first main quality that Hamlet, he knows when to speak his mind and only talks about his true self with only people he trusts like Horatio, and yet that might be the reason he was able to kill Claudius in the end, it also the reason why Ophelia and Gertrude died too. Since Ophelia died because she felt that Hamlet didn’t love her the way she did to him. His mother thought that Hamlet was really mad, and tried to help him in many a way, one of them was to drink the cup that would promote Hamlets health but which was actually poisoned. This is how the first soliloquy helps in developing his characteristics while showing his true qualities. The second soliloquy(Act 1, Scene 5) in Hamlet which takes place in Act I, Scene V, which when the ghost of his father tells him that he was murdered, and how he was murdered and, who killed him. He doesn’t believe that his father was murdered by Claudius when he says, â€Å"O all you host of heaven! O earth! what else? And shall I couple hell? O, fie! — Hold, my heart ;†( I. V. 92-93) He never thought that Claudius would commit murder to get the throne of Denmark, and he understands why he and his mother married so fast. â€Å"O most pernicious woman! O villain, villain, smiling, damned villain! †(I. V. 105-106) This is the beginning of his hatred towards Claudius, and this is also where he swears to the ghost to kill Claudius. Hamlet also feels confused when this unnatural act of nature happens. He knows that there is a chance that this ghost is either his father or the devil trying to make Hamlet commit a sin. This â€Å"ghost† also sparks a need to connect once again with his father as he continually keeps saying â€Å"Remember thee? † This shows that Hamlet misses his dad a lot, and is willing to do anything to allow King Hamlet rest in peace. This soliloquy furthermore brings out qualities in Hamlet that we have never seen faithfulness and also being honour bound. The perfect in this soliloquy that shows this is, â€Å"So, uncle, there you are. Now to my word;  It is Adieu, adieu! emember me.   I have swornt. † (I. V. 111-112). Hamlet feels that unless he swears to the ghost, he won’t find the motivation to kill Claudius. This also shows that he was faithful to his father ghost, even though he knew there was a chance it was actually the devil trying to trick him into committing a sin. In the third Soliloquy (Act 2, Scene 2), is quite a lon g soliloquy as he realizes that both his mother and Claudius had sent his two best friends to spy on him, and betraying him. This is also the same soliloquy where he plans and prepares for Claudius’s downfall. This is where the story of Hamlet truly begins and the introduction to Hamlet’s inner feelings. This is the first time Hamlet actually tell the audience what he feels inside, and what he will plan to do in the future. This soliloquy also reveals his inner fear on whether the ghost was the devil, seen in line 585 to 590 in Act II, Scene II- â€Å"†¦ The spirit that I have seen May be the devil: and the devil hath power To assume a pleasing shape; yea, and perhaps Out of my weakness and my melancholy, — As he is very potent with such spirits, — Abuses me to damn me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Hamlet starts to doubt if the ghost was even his father, and if this is the case he needs to get more proof that Claudius killed his father, and then realizes that the actors were his tools to catch Claudius. I think that Hamlet felt that if Claudius had a reaction to the play in a manner that was ‘weird’ it would he knew that the ghost had told the truth. This soliloquy furthermore shows how restless Hamlet is as he wants to complete his vow to the ghost and kill his uncle. This is seen, â€Å"Prompted to my revenge by heaven and hell, Must, like a whore, unpack my heart with words And fall a-cursing like a very drab† (II. II. 571-573). He is angry and impatient that something as easy as killing as a person is so tough. I think that Hamlet, at this point doesn’t want to use words, and instead thinks that actions is the only thing that will help get him to his goals. This is why he uses the actors to re-enact, â€Å"The murder of Gonzago† which was similar to how Claudius killed the King. The one main quality that I found in the soliloquy, and throughout the book, Hamlet, is the fact that he thinks logically and doesn’t try to rush into things too fast. An example in this soliloquy is, â€Å"†¦Ill have grounds, more relative than this. the plays the thing, Wherein Ill catch the conscience of the king† (II. II. 590-592). He thinks that the devil might be trying to fool him and he needed more proof that his uncle murdered King Hamlet. The fourth soliloquy (Act 3, Scene 1) is the most acknowledged soliloquy to the world, â€Å"To be or not to be†. This is where Hamle t talks about life and death, and although we know Hamlet is thinking about death, he says, â€Å"But that the dread of something after death, The undiscoverd country from whose bourn, No traveler returns, puzzles the will† (III. I. 78-80). This means that he is worried on what happens after he dies, and the fact that â€Å"afterlife† hasn’t been proven, he is scared to kill himself. At this point he starts arguing with himself on what happens after death and talks about the multiple trouble and pains of life. Then he realizes that since there is no proof that life after death exists, he might as well continue with his revenge. I believe that this soliloquy is also hints about whether he should continue with his revenge or not. This â€Å"indecision† within Hamlet is what causes the most amount of problems in the book, Hamlet, and with Hamlet himself. This soliloquy doesn’t particularly show any qualities within Hamlet, but one quality that I saw really made me realize how great Hamlet was, was the fact that no matter how he felt, he didn’t give up or deter from his path of revenge, making him a extremely faithful son to the king. The fifth soliloquy (Act 3, Scene 3) is before the play has its climax, before Hamlet talks to his mother and unknowingly kills Polonius. Hamlet is extremely mad with his mother, and wants to hurt her emotionally. He still thinks that she married Claudius so that her nights wouldn’t be lonely. He was so angry with her that he could have killed her, but he instead says, â€Å"Let me be cruel, not unnatural† (III. III. 379), which meant that he would be rude to her but, not commit a sin by killing her. â€Å"I will speak daggers to her, but use none† (III. III. 380). This meant that he felt that he needed to speak severely for what she did, but not physically hurt her. This soliloquy shows one main characteristic of a hero within Hamlet, which was not to harm women. Hamlet ad every right to physically hurt Gertrude for how she disgraced her gender, but he refrained from raising his hands as he felt as though it would be â€Å"unnatural†. The fact that he didn’t lose control till now, over what Gertrude did, shows how noble he is and how he still follows the rules of his era, even though his mother didn’t. This is my most favorite quality of Hamlet, and b ecause of this, Gertrude drank to his health, which caused her death. The sixth soliloquy is Act III, Scene III, lines 73-96 where Hamlet has a chance to kill his uncle, Claudius. As Hamlet enters the room, he sees Claudius â€Å"praying† and runs forwards to take his revenge. Eager Hamlet has a perfect chance to kill Claudius but then realizes that he would just send Claudius to heaven. â€Å"A villain kills my father; and for that, I, his sole son, do this same villain send to heaven. O, this is hire and salary, not revenge. † (III. III. 76-79) This soliloquy shows the eager and crazy side of Hamlet. After quite some time of planning, Hamlet finally sees an easy and quite way to kill Claudius but then like all other soliloquies, he over thinks about what might happen if he kills Claudius and postpones Claudius’s death. He thinks that he needs to catch and kill Claudius while he is committing a sin so that it guarantees that Claudius will go to hell. This soliloquy also shows the multiple good qualities within Hamlet, mainly, the quality of forgiveness and calculating. This is seen when he says, â€Å"As hell, whereto it goes. My mother stays This physic but prolongs thy sickly days. † (III. III95-96). This shows the forgiving nature of Hamlet as Claudius pretends to pray. Hamlet had every right to kill Claudius for his sins. Yet to make sure that Claudius went to hell, he made sure he killed him while Claudius was committing a sin. This is how the sixth soliloquy shows the characteristics and the qualities within Hamlet. The final and the seventh soliloquy is personally my most favorite soliloquy (Act IV, Scene V). This is the scene is where Fortinbras is talking with Hamlet and how steadfast he is on getting â€Å"revenge† on Denmark. He is annoyed when he realizes it takes so long for him to complete a simple plan, and decides to finish his revenge. We also see that he is quite unsure on what might happen, but is still honour bound to his oath, when he says, â€Å"When honours at the stake. How stand I, then, That have a father killed, a mother stained†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (IV. V. 56-57) He feels that Claudius deserves to die, even if it meant his own death. When he says, â€Å"To hide the slain? O, from this time forth, My thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth! †(IV. V. 65-66). We see that he is preparing himself for what is about to come and know that he might lose his life too. The main quality of a hero that is seen in this soliloquy is courage and determination. Hamlet knows that he might die, and but he also knows that there is a chance that he will be able to kill Claudius. Hamlet feels that till now he was a coward and he needs to honour his father. He is so faithful to his father that he doesn’t care of the consequences that might occur. This is also the downfall of Hamlet’s as he does die in the end. The final soliloquy finalizes his inner feelings and commitments towards himself and his father and shows multiple qualities of a hero. This is why I believe that the seventh soliloquy is the strongest proof that Hamlet is indeed a tragic hero. Hamlet is quite the enigma as he keeps changing his mind about his commitments, but as the story continues we see that no matter what he faces, he continues to accomplish his duty to his father’s ghost. He is strong, philosophical, courageous, faithful, and quite the over-thinker, but overall has the perfect qualities to be called a tragic hero. In conclusion, I believe that the seven soliloquies of Hamlet, show the progression of his characteristics, and show the multiple qualities of a hero, thus making him a perfect example of a classic tragic hero. Works Cited BrainyQuote. Xplore, n. d. Web. 03 Nov. 2012. lt;http://www. brainyquote. com/quotes/authors/r/romain_rolland. htmlgt;. Hamlets Fifth Soliloquy Original Text and Summary. HubPages. N. p. , n. d. Web. 03 Nov. 2012. lt;http://hunbbel-meer. hubpages. com/hub/Hamlets-Fifth-Soliloquy-Original-Text-and-Summarygt;. Hamlets First Soliloquy (Act 1, Scene 2) Original Text amp; Summary. HubPages. N. p. , n. d. Web. 03 Nov.

Diversity and Organizational Communication

Question: Discuss about the Diversity and Organizational Communication. Answer: Introduction: Cultural diversity is known as a combination of societies consists of human within a region or in a world as a whole. It can also be called as multiculturalism in an organization. In the era of globalization there are many societies around the globe who has emerged and carry many differences known as cultural differences like traditions, language, caste, dress and the different to interact.(Bantz, 2000) Diversity can be known as value and make the people unique if they show mutual respect and appreciate the differences and the similarities like religion, gender, ethnicity, education, gender, experience and culture. When in an environment diversity is respected and members work as a team and always be united then it becomes easier for everyone to apply ones talent, experience and the skills in achieving the companys objective along with the competitive advantage, whatever a person wants to become is assisted by demographic characteristics. Cultural experiences and feelings of a partic ular group reflects ethnicity and it also acknowledges that individuals have their primary culture but different from others but they does not exclude the capacity to learn new cultural behaviors from other groups.(Eastman, 2001) Generally people are characterized or culturally determined by the race rather than genetically or biologically as it is the concept through which groups are divided into biological and physical characteristics.(Walck, 2003) Culture should be learned and basically individuals are born and there are one or two characteristics which are common like hair texture or the color but on this basis we cant develop the belief, values and the practices of the cultural group. Benefits and Challenges of Diversity in the Workplace: Cultural diversity impacts day to day life and making the workplace diverse is very common and gives benefits to both the employees as well as the employers. Diversity in the workplace can increase the opportunities in the market, improves business image and make the recruitment easy. Respecting individuals difference can increase the productivity although in the workplace associates are interdependent. Flexibility and the creativity leads to competitiveness so, diversity becomes critical in relation to the success of an organization. Diversity in work place affects the culture and the productivity in various ways:(Gunter, 2010) Diverse background individuals share their talents, experiences and the skills which assists each other in achieving the objectives. Working with the people who have different experiences, background and the working styles leads to the innovation and the creative concepts. Companys who want to expand their business over shores can easily interact on a global basis with a broader client base and make it more relatable. There are various challenges which companies have to face while managing a diverse population. In diverse culture we have to recognize the values of differences, discrimination, and promoting(Joseph. G. , 2004). Negative attitude and behaviors can also affect can act as a barrier as it may harm the relations between the employees along with their work productivity and the morale.(Astrid C., 2004). Managers may get challenges with losing the work productivity and the personnel. Companies should focus on embracing diversity as it may yield a greater productivity and the advantages. Effective people management is directly associated with managing diversity in the workplace. Negative attitude at the workplace may include stereotyping, discrimination and the prejudice which management has never used for retention, hiring and termination. Australias Cultural Diversity: There are many organisations continuously make efforts for making their organisation culturally diverse, the main problem is that when we discuss about the diversity people only think about the gender diversity but it includes various factors like genders, ages and the cultural background. Few organisations in Australia claim that they have diverse workforce in their organisation but generally they meet only one criterion that is related to age but when it comes to representation of gender but they fall short in that. It has been researched that two- third of the population has a two way process of integration in which migrants wilfully adapt Australia and through this community learn more about their customs and the heritage.(Craig, 2016) It has been surveyed that people support multiculturalism, ethnic communities but across all the demographics. They believe that their success is directly related to the culturally diverse and socially cohesive nations and shows adherence to the beliefs and the values in Australian society. They are committed in relation to the law, their parliamentary rules and provide equal opportunity in relation to religion, race and the mutual respect.(Tim., 2015) Due to these reasons more than 7.5 millions migrates to Australia and reason being multiculturalism has become a great success. As a business they are committed for the high performance and provide equal opportunity to prove performance. They try to develop the leadership skills and skills for their female workforce who gives strong business results and as well as gender equality.(Joseph., 2014) Managing Cultural Diversity in Workplace: Managers are aware that for creating a successful and the creative workforce a certain skill is very important. Firstly they must understand the consequences of discrimination and then they must recognize all the prejudices and the biases.(Flagg, 2002) Diversity is related to difference among individuals not the differences in the individuals. Everyone is unique and have their own specialty for a particular group. For the successful future organizations and the managers must learn how to manage the diversity in the workplace. For success there is no single recipe and manager is the best person who can understand the best for the organization for its success a better team work is required at the workplace.(Allen, 2003) A workplace that includes everything is very complex as everyone has its own ideas and the working capability. Hence organizations should focus on to develop, maintain and implement the training sessions so that people may not change the behavior and understand the equa lity among themselves being from the diverse culture.(Eastman D. , 2001). When an organization or a manager address issues that are related to an organization are all addressed that gives positive impact and make the employee comfortable so that they he may not hesitate while giving suggestions and in their involvement with it diversity gives benefits to an organization. Organizations should think twice and try to remove the notions which has been pre conceived and they should wisely invest a specified amount for the betterment of the company and they should create a proper strategy and implement it in the department and functions of the organization. Conclusion: Cultural Diversity is common these days in the era of globalization and to understand it become very important for any of the organization. If company wants to manage leadership along with the company policies then they have to be associated with the Cultural diversity(Limaye, 2001). Managing diverse culture is very important as if not done well then could bring down the financial status of the company and managing cultural diversity is the primary responsibility of a manager. In an organization one should believe that all cultures are equal and they all together can make a dedicated and a motivated workforce which could help in turning companys liability into benefits or assets. (Fine, 2003). To manage peoples perceptions and attitudes is very challenging. Diverse workforce reflects the changed world and the market place. Diverse work teams respects the difference related to individual by increasing work productivity and brings high value to the organization. In the globalized marke t there are many companies who has built their team with diverse workforce and adapt diverse culture also. Companies should use educate about the issues, regulations and laws about the diversity.(Enterprise, 2001) Bibliography: Allen, B. (2003). Diversity and Organizational Communication. Journal of Applied Communication. Astrid C., D. D. (2004). Work Group Diversity and Group Performance:An integrative model and research agenda. Journal of Applied Psychology . Bantz, C. (2000). Cultural diversity and group cross cultural team research . Journal of Applied communication research . Craig, L. (2016). Cultural diversity is one of our strengths. The Australian. Eastman, D. (2001). Improving cross- cultural communication during complex information system development. Journal of Management Systems . Eastman, D. (2001). Improving cross-cultural communication during complex Information system development. Journal of Management Systems . Enterprise, B. (2001). "Managing a multicultural workforce". Black Enterprise Magazine . Fine, M. (2003). New Voices in the workplace:Reseach directions in multicultural communication. Journal of Business Communication . Flagg, A. (2002). Managing diverse workgroupssuccessfully. United Behavioral Health. Gunter, S. K. (2010). Unraveling the effects of cultural diversity in teams:A meta-analysis of research on multicultural work groups. Journal of International Business Studies . Joseph., A. (2014). Diversity in the workplace. Australian Government(Department of Social Services). Joseph., G. (2004). Diversity in the Workplace: Benefits, Challenges and the Solutions. Alpha Measure. Limaye, M. (2001). Responding to work force diversity:Conceptualization and search for paradigms. Journal of Business and Technical Communication . Tim., D. (2015). Cultural diversity in the workplace. Australian Human Rights Commission. Walck, C. (2003). Diverse approaches to managing diversity. Journal of Applied Behavioural Science .

Supremo free essay sample

One night, Boniface and other patriotic Filipinos met to establish a secret society. This is called Stagnating Gallivanting an Justinian Eng mega Knack Eng Banyan or Justinian. The purpose of the confederation is to rebel against Spain and liberate the Philippines. Boniface became the Supreme of the organization. While led by the Katie pan, Boniface met Gregorian De Jesus. Gregorian was courted her and soon they were married in the church of Bambino. They married again in accordance with the rules of the Justinian. Gregorian joined the organization was well.She cared for comments, guns and other equipment that is useful for the confederation. When the Spanish discovered the Justinian, Boniface and other colleagues left the city. They gathered at Paginated and there was determined to start the revolution. In the battle of San Juan, Boniface were withdrawn due to the strength of the opponent. But even failed their first invasion, quick turn spread the revolution. We will write a custom essay sample on Supremo or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Meanwhile, also shine as a leader Emilio Continual of Cavity Stationeries. Always wins the fight his army so much impressed with Continual.Here begins the conflict of Stationeries in Cavity. Split into two groups: the group Managing and Magical group. A convention held in Testers, Cavity two groups of Stationeries. As the Supreme of the Justinian, Boniface stood chaired the convention. They all agree to honor any agreed convention. They first established the Republic of the Philippines and subsequently held elections. Elected president of the republic was Continual even when he is not in the said convention. But when Boniface was elected as the Director of Interior, a Magical protest because he had lack of education.In anger, Boniface annulled the said election and immediately paved the place. In a meeting with MANIC, Andrea Boniface established a separate government. For Continual, Boniface leadership will led to great risk, he ordered to arrest him. Gondolas army went to Boniface and arrested him. Andrea and Procom were scrutinized for treason in the city in an attempt to overthrow the government. After the day of trial the siblings were proved guilty and sentenced to death. Not knowing the brothers death sentence. They secretly brought to the mountain of Tall.There, Jesus Procom Boniface separated. Boniface determined to kill them. He ran but the soldiers followed him and shot. Here ended the life of Andrea Boniface, Supreme of the Justinian. MOVIE REVIEW It was carried on with such a fantastic cinematography with a play of sepia tones and powerful musical scoring. Although there were just some scenes that needed proper lighting, to show the faces of the characters. Some were too dark while they deliver their lines. It shows us that even your fellow Filipinos can betray you, can be your worst enemies, for the sake of power and authority.Ammonias death, Benefactions wife, was too weak to start the Tory. Script couldve been more excellent with proper sequencing and editing. The last several scenes of the movie were too heavy to bear. Of course, I already knew what would happen in the story, but watching it was a very different matter. I do admit that I did cry a little during the last scene where the supreme met his end in a very harrowing manner. I consider it as one of the most beautifully shot Filipino films that I have seen. Despite its limitations in production sets, the movie could boast that each of its scenes was a scene of beauty.The director was very good in taking shots where either subtle actions or epic scenarios happened. Sadly, what could have been a very great movie had been shattered by inconsistent story-telling and lack-luster performances from some of the actors. It seemed like each scene was important, but when taken together they proved to be very limiting. The flashbacks used could have helped by adding them to clarify things and not just to add historical facts. Over all, the movie is great and I enjoy it. But El Presidents is better than this movie because of its not proper sequencing.

Planning Psycho

Planning Psycho Introduction A psycho-educational group therapy is one of the psychological interventions instituted for people having certain degrees of psychological crisis or people who are at a risk of the same in the future. It is commonly instituted for people undergoing tuition where their instructors feel that they are handling a psychosomatic predicament.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Planning Psycho-educational Preliminary Tasks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to Forsyth, one of the functions of a psycho-educational group therapy is to make the participants aware of their condition, teach them about it, and prevent the symptoms of the condition from recurring in the individual again (2014, p. 34). The main theory applied is that, by meeting people with similar conditions, the participants are able to share and enlighten themselves and at the same time alleviate the feeling of being alone (Forsyth, 2014, p. 34) . One condition that is often treated and prevented with this form of therapy is the occurrence of postpartum depression in new teenage mothers because of the new life changes. The arguments made in the paper are based on a discussion I held with Rachel Caster who is the leader of Teen Mothers Forum Organization (TMFO). The discussion we held as tabled in the paper describes a possible psycho-educational group for the new teen mothers that can offer support and education to help them with their new life changes and to help them identify warning signs for possible postpartum depression. Targeted audience and choice of the audience As stated above, the targeted audiences for the psycho-educational group therapy are new teenage mothers who were selected based on a number of reasons, with the main one being the high prevalence of post-partum depression among this age group of mothers. According to Devine, Bove, and Olson, â€Å"The transition to motherhood is a pivotal time of psycholo gical, developmental, and biological change in a mother’s life† (2000, p. 579). Caster pointed out how new mothers are often faced with a number of psychological stressors such as physical exhaustion, role restriction, financial problems, social isolation, and depressive symptoms as well as confusion (Reis, 1989, p.146: Reis, 1988, p. 541). According to her, mothers’ experience with these stressors decreases with the number of pregnancies and primigravidas with no prior experience process of the highest risk of the post-partum depression and associated stressors.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Based on their age and experience, teenage mothers therefore are at the greatest risk of developing the postpartum depression as compared to other mothers of higher ages. True to this observation, the number of teenage mothers with post-partum depression is high. The apparent large number of teenage pregnancies all over the world has not assisted this situation. Teenage mothers were therefore chosen on this basis. Caster also recognized psycho-educational group therapy as one of the therapies that have the potential to prevent the post-partum depression associated with the new teenage mothers or any other category of mothers (Jacobs, Harvill, Masson, 2012, p. 34). Research as evidenced, â€Å"one out of four adult women in the postpartum period experiences some form of emotional distress† (Alexander Higgins, 1993: Hopkins, Marcus, Campbell, 1984: Pierce, Strauman, Vandell, 1999). To help the mothers live their normal life, psycho-educational group therapy according to Caster would have an apparent effect on the psychological stress thus helping them to cope with the problem. Time and Place of Sessions The meetings of the psycho-educational class are scheduled for weekdays. This schedule is strategic since its timing is convenient for most of these mothers. The meetings are held once in a week for about 4 to 8 weeks as stipulated by Jacobs, Harvill, and Masson (2012, p. 34). The standard group therapy as Kreeger states runs for between two and eight weeks, with the meetings being scheduled for once in a week at a time that is convenient to the participants (1994, p.13). In the case of teenage mothers, as revealed by Caster, the afternoons and evenings are appropriate because most of them have other activities such as school that they need to attend during other hours. It also allows them to carry out other activities. In the proposed psycho-educational intervention for the teenage mothers, four sessions will be conducted. The setting of the group therapy meetings was set through the help of a group leader under the guidance of Caster who is an experienced therapist in the field of teen mothers. As Kreeger states, â€Å"each psycho-education group therapy meeting is facilitated by a group leader such as a lic ensed psychologist or psychiatrist† (1994, p.13). In this particular group, the leader is a licensed psychologist dealing with teenage psychology, with a group of teenage students under his care. Once approached after the constitution of the group, the sharing of the group’s objective took place.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Planning Psycho-educational Preliminary Tasks specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The next agreement to be made was on the venue of the meetings, the frequency of the group meetings, and the time of the meetings. The venue would be a class in the local school where most of the teenagers attend. The other agreement that was reached was in the rules of the group therapy. These included the standard rules such as no sharing of information from the group therapy outside the class (Forsyth, 2014, p. 34). The participants were also required not to engage in socialization outside the group setting. This decision was made to enable them be more open to discuss sensitive issues. Adjustment of Weekly Psycho-educational Preliminary Tasks Several adjustments to the weekly psycho-educational tasks will be made. In the first week and session, introductions will be made with the participants getting a chance to know each other and their leaders. They will also be introduced to the condition under discussion besides being allowed to contribute in the discussion of their experiences. The participants will also be allowed to state whether they have ever experienced the problem and or how they dealt with it at the time. After the first week and the day is over, the participants will be given several tasks to undertake such as play roles, which will help in the simulation of the factors leading to teenage pregnancy and depression. In the next couple of sessions, the leader will take the participants through sessions where they participate in encouraging one another and providing solutions to some of the problems that they may encounter. These sessions will be organized in topics with the first topic being how teenage pregnancy affects mothers at this age. The next topic will be on the ways that the teenagers can avoid teenage pregnancy and a discussion of some of the factors leading to teenage pregnancy. Some of the next sessions to be tackled include how to deal with the effects of teenage pregnancy, how to take care of a newborn child, dealing with social issues, and how to become independent and continue living after the pregnancy. These sessions are aimed at first making the participants secure and able to share and then allow them to tackle the problem.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Advertisement In our discussion, Caster confirmed that any group therapy being successful here must be a means of getting the participants and other interested parties to know of its existence (Pond, Kemp, 1992, p. 17). The participants and other individuals who wish to contact me should also have an easy and reliable way of accomplishing this task in a way they feel is secure. In the advertisement strategies, a number of methods will be utilized including fliers, emails, and making of phone calls. In the advertisement campaigns, the best way of attracting the teenage mothers as utilized in this particular group therapy is the use of fliers. These were prepared with the message of the importance of having a group session if one is a teenage mother, as there are risks for postpartum depression in the mothers of this age group. The distribution of the fliers was also strategic, with the main places being in the learning institutions and entertainment spots as well as worship places w here the teenagers are thought to be available most of the times. In the fliers, contact information will be provided where the interested parties can contact the leader. These include the provision of email addresses and phone numbers. The next strategy that will be utilized is the formulation of emails and special text messages that will be sent out to teenagers and teenage mothers at risk. The strategy will contain information about the group, the relevant meeting place, time, and the contacts that they can use to reach the leader. Conclusion The formulation of a psycho-educational group therapy is important for teenage mothers and people at risk of developing psychiatric disorders. This conclusion was evidenced by the discussion I held with Caster who is a chief therapist and the leader of TMFO. In the discussion, a plan for the psycho-educational preliminary tasks has been made. The target audience has been identified and the process of forming the group and initiating therapy discussed. Reference List Alexander, J., Higgins, T. (1993). Emotional trade-offs of becoming a parent: How social roles influence self-discrepancy effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(1), 1259–1269. Devine, M., Bove, F., Olson, M. (2000). Continuity and change in women’s weight orientations and lifestyle practices through pregnancy and the postpartum period. Social Science and Medicine, 50(3), 567–582. Forsyth, R. (2014). Group dynamics. Pacific Grove, Calif.: Brooks/Cole Pub. Co. Hopkins, J., Marcus, M., Campbell, B. (1984). Postpartum depression: A critical review. Psychological Bulletin, 95(1), 498–515. Jacobs, E., Harvill, L., Masson, L. (2012). Group counseling: strategies and skills. Pacific Grove, Calif.: Brooks/Cole Pub. Co. Kreeger, L. (1994). The large group dynamics and therapy. London: Karnac Books. Pierce, M., Strauman, J., Vandell, L. (1999). Self-discrepancy, negative life events, and social support in relation to dejection in mothers of infants. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 18(2), 490–501. Pond, F., Kemp, H. (1992). A comparison between adolescent and adult women on prenatal anxiety and self-confidence. Maternal–Child Nursing Journal, 20(3), 11–19. Reis, J. (1988). Correlates of depression according to maternal age. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 149(4), 535–545. Reis, J. (1989). A comparison of young teenage, older teenage, and adult mothers on determinants of parenting. Journal of Psychology, 123(1), 141–151.

Eco-Friendly Plastic Bag Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Eco-Friendly Plastic Bag - Research Paper Example It was also established that the public was aware of the negative impacts of the plastic bags and the need to use eco-friendly bags. It is important to conduct more research on eco-friendly bags and create awareness on the importance of eco-friendly plastic bags in conservation of the environment. Plastic bags are used for packaging and is made of a thin, flexible plastic film such as polyethylene, non-woven fabric or plastic textile. Around the globe, over 500 billion non-reusable plastic bags are used every year while the thin ones are littered ubiquitously. In developing countries, the plastic bags block the water movement in narrow water channels. When water collects in them they provide a place for the breeding of mosquitoes. The thin comfortable bags are a danger to the children because they can cause suffocation. When plastic bags are incinerated, the smoke could cause cancer, asthma and impotence (Khare and Deshmukh). These negative effects to the environment have led to the discouraged use of the plastic bags. To curb this problem, eco-friendly plastic bags are recommended. They are used in several countries such as the United States, United Kingdom and Australia. These eco-friendly bags hold more quantity compared to the plastic bags. They are oil derived products and offered in many stylish colors since they are made with dyes that are both color fast and are washable. In addition, the bags comply FDA regulations therefore are not harmful and cannot cause allergic reactions to the skin. They are durable. The ecofriendly bag is reusable. It is made from fabric such as thick plastic that is more durable, canvas, or woven synthetic fibers. The eco-friendly plastic bags was introduced in the United States in 1977, and were used to bag groceries in the 1980s and 1990s. They were first made of polyolefin-starch materials which did not degrade as it was claimed. Some countries enacted policies that imposed taxes on

Nursing as a Profession Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Nursing as a Profession - Research Paper Example Nowadays, there are several professions which an individual can select according to his skill and knowledge. According to Michael Plaut, PhD, the assistant Dean for Student Affairs Associate Professor of Psychiatry University of Maryland School of Medicine, a professional is person, with a specialized body of knowledge, set of skills, who beholds certain group mission or identity and maintains a set of standards of behavior and practice (Plaut, n.d.). From this, it transpires that a nurse, whose job involves all these factors and more, is a professional. Thus, it can be argued that nursing is a profession and not merely job or work. A profession is characterized by its traits. Some traits are common to all professionals. The main thing, which is required, is the diligence in one’s own duty. A person, to be called a true professional, needs to conscientiously be aware of her duties as a professional and follow the ethical principles that guide such a profession. He or she should also be highly competent and well-versed with the requirements of the profession and possess the relevant skill sets. Besides, he or she should also be able to understand the feelings of others and have effective communication skills. A professional should be confident in the work and have the quality of integrity. Moreover, a positive attitude along with the willingness to serve the public, are the qualities that are distinct traits of a professional. If one examines the job of a nurse, it can be seen that a nurse needs to possess all these traits, especially in terms of serving others. The American Nurses Association considers t hat â€Å"the depth and breadth of the nursing profession is meeting different health care needs of the population† (Considering Nursing, 2004). Thus, nursing can, unequivocally, be construed as a profession and not a mere job or call. To explain it further, the term nursing needs to

Women Issues Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Women Issues - Assignment Example This concept of feminism is usually occupied with the activities which aim at providing knowledge on the unfairness and biasness that are experienced in the male dominated societies. For a clear execution of their duties, feminists use various theories that strive to understand the origin and structural construction of the gender inequality by examining the feminine social roles and the general women life. In this context, we can refer feminism as a social spectrum, which incorporates aspects like the pursuit of various schemes and fantasies, delusional feminist aspects to the rationality concepts, all aimed towards advocating for the recognition and application of women rights principles (Rauchut 341). The broad term of feminism can be narrowed down to address the existence of two groups; gender feminists and equity feminists. These two feminism categories differ in their principle ideologies behind governing their advocating for recognition of feminine roles in a society. The ideol ogies behind these types of feminism were first coined by Hoff Sommers in her famous writings. According to Sommers, gender feminism focuses on the interaction between the society and the cultural gender roles performed by women within the same social setting. On the other hand, equity feminism is associated with equal rights and equal treatment of women in the society. In its practical application, gender feminism has been labeled as bad feminism because it deals with the questioning of the fundamental rules of the society. On the opposite side, equity feminism is credited because it is occupied with the purpose of advocating and supporting the aspect of equal rights to every member of a society. The principles of gender feminism do not question the idea that women should stay at home and play their cultural roles. This type of feminism is only occupied with the aspects of equity and other legal issues. Contrary, gender feminism questions the ideas of cultural roles played by women within a social environment. It seeks to achieve cultural equity among women and men. At this juncture, we will focus at the equity feminism, which is the most dominant contemporary feminism at modern times (Rauchut 349). In every society, those individuals and groups fighting for gender equality con be heard complaining of numerous issues which they are not satisfied with. Therefore, equity feminists are constantly pushing forward their grievances to the relevant authorities for recognition. The equity feminist grievances are mainly centered on the economical, social and legal issues affecting the female members of the society. Some of these complains include the aspects of women reproduction like use of contraceptives and abortion, divorce, equal payment at workplaces, child custody and maternity leave in their occupational duties. Early equity feminists advocated for equal economic opportunities when it comes to divorce. The argued that a divorce should benefit the victim woman the same way the marriage benefited her. Secondly, feminists claimed that abortion was discriminatory based on the economic capabilities of women. In their campaigns, they advocated for provision of economic assistance to poor women who needed to carry out an abortion by the relevant authorities. In addition, these feminists also fought for equality in terms of salaries and wages to men and women in the economic sector. In case of a divorce of a family who had a child, the mother should not be left to bring up the child on her own. The child’s father should contribute towards the financial upbringing of the child, and the child should remain under the mother’

Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBA) Analysis

Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBA) Analysis INTROUCTION The Industrial Development Bank of India Limited, was established as wholly-owned subsidiary of Reserve Bank of India. The foundation of bank was laid down under an Act of Parliament, in July 1964. The main aim behind the setting up of IDBI was to provide credit and other facilities for the Indian industry, which was still in the initial stages of growth and development. In February 1976, the ownership of IDBI was transferred to Government of India. After the transfer of its ownership, IDBI became the main institution, through which the institutes engaged in financing, promoting and developing industry were to be coordinated. In January 1992, IDBI accessed domestic retail debt market for the first time, with innovative Deep Discount Bonds, and registered path-breaking success. The following year, it set up the IDBI Capital Market Services Ltd., as its wholly-owned subsidiary, to offer a broad range of financial services, including Bond Trading, Equity Broking, Client Asset Management and Depository Services. In September 1994, in response to RBIs policy of opening up domestic banking sector to private participation, IDBI set up IDBI Bank Ltd., in association with SIDBI. In July 1995, public issue of the bank was taken out, after which the Governments shareholding came down (though it still retains majority of the shareholding in the bank). In September 2003, IDBI took over Tata Home Finance Ltd, renamed ‘IDBI Home finance Limited, thus diversifying its business domain and entering the arena of retail finance sector. The year 2005 witnessed the merger of IDBI Bank with the Industrial Development Bank of India Ltd. The new entity continued to its development finance role, while providing an array of wholesale and retail banking products (and does so till date). The following year, IDBI Bank acquired United Western Bank (which, at that time, had 230 branches spread over 47 districts, in 9 states). In the financial year of 2008, IDBI Bank had a net income of Rs 9415.9 crores and total assets of Rs 120,601 crores. The Present Today, IDBI Bank is counted amongst the leading public sector banks of India, apart from claiming the distinction of being the 4th largest bank, in overall ratings. It is presently regarded as the tenth largest development bank in the world, mainly in terms of reach. This is because of its wide network of 688 branches, 1139 ATMs and 457 centers. Apart from being involved in banking services, IDBI has set up institutions like The National Stock Exchange of India (NSE), The National Securities Depository Services Ltd. (NSDL) and the Stock Holding Corporation of India (SHCIL). Products Services Personal Banking Deposits Loans Payments Tax Payments, Stamp Duty Payments, Easy Fill, Bill Payment, Card to Card Money Transfer, PayMate, Online Payments Mutual Fund Demat Account IPO Insurance FamilyCare, Weathsurance Cards Debit Card, Credit Card, Cash Card, Gift Card, International Debit-cum-ATM Card, World Currency Card Institutional Banking Lockers India Post NRI Services Phone Banking SMS Banking Account Alerts Internet Banking Corporate Banking Project Finance Infrastructure Finance Syndication, Underwriting Advisory Services Carbon Credits Business Working Capital Cash Management Services Trade Finance Tax Payments Derivatives Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (TUFS) Film Financing Scheme Direct Discounting Bills Rehabilitation Finance Others SME Finance Agri-business Products Main Functions of IDBI- IDBI coordinates between various financial institutions who are highly involved in provide financial assistance, promoting, and developing various industrial units IDBI is also engaged in a variety of promotional activities such as development programs for the fresh entrepreneurs, planning of consultancy services for both the small scale enterprises and the medium sized industrial units IDBI works for the advancement of technology and other welfare schemes to ensure economic development. Industrial Development Bank of India acts as a catalyst in various industrial development programs. IDBI provides financial assistance to all kinds of industrial units which comes under the provisions of the IDBI Act. IDBI has served various industrial sectors in India for about three years and has grown leaps and bounds in its size and operating units. IDBIs role as a catalyst IDBIs role as a catalyst to industrial development encompasses a wide spectrum of activities. IDBI can finance all types of industrial concerns covered under the provisions of the IDBI Act. With over three decades of service to the Indian industry, IDBI has grown substantially in terms of size of operations and portfolio. Developmental Activities of IDBI Promotional activities In fulfillment of its developmental role, the Bank continues to perform a wide range of promotional activities relating to developmental programmes for new entrepreneurs, consultancy services for small and medium enterprises and programmes designed for accredited voluntary agencies for the economic upliftment of the underprivileged. These include entrepreneurship development, self-employment and wage employment in the industrial sector for the weaker sections of society through voluntary agencies, support to Science and Technology Entrepreneurs Parks, Energy Conservation, Common Quality Testing Centres for small industries. Technical Consultancy Organizations With a view to making available at a reasonable cost, consultancy and advisory services to entrepreneurs, particularly to new and small entrepreneurs, IDBI, in collaboration with other All-India Financial Institutions, has set up a network of Technical Consultancy Organizations (TCOs) covering the entire country. TCOs offer diversified services to small and medium enterprises in the selection, formulation and appraisal of projects, their implementation and review. Entrepreneurship Development Institute Realising that entrepreneurship development is the key to industrial development, IDBI played a prime role in setting up of the Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India for fostering entrepreneurship in the country. It has also established similar institutes in Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. IDBI also extends financial support to various organisations in conducting studies or surveys of relevance to industrial development. IDBI Lending Process, Institutional Structure, Training, Information and Data Needs IDBI was established in 1964 under an Act of Parliament for providing credit and other facilities for the development of industry. It also acts as the principal financial institution for coordinating the activities of institutions engaged in the finance, promotion, or development of industry. The Government of Indias shareholding in IDBI amounts to 72% and the rest of the shares are owned by the general public. IDBI has also offered specialised schemes for energy conservation viz. Equipment Finance for Energy Conservation and Energy Audit Subsidy Scheme. Presently, IDBI provides rupee and foreign currency term loans for the acquisition and installation of energy conservation equipment, and for pollution control and prevention projects in highly polluting industrial sectors, funded inter alia, out of World Banks Industrial Pollution Prevention Project (IPPP) or the US Agency for International Development-funded Greenhouse Gas Pollution Prevention (GEP) Project. Besides, finance is made available for EE/EM out of the on-going Industrial Energy Efficiency Project of the ADB of which the TA forms a part. Under this project, finance is given to industrial units in rupee as well as in foreign currency. Additional funding needs left unmet by the ADB funds are supplemented by IDBIs own funds as well. 3.1 IDBI Institutional Structure IDBI is governed by a Board of Directors and its operation is carried out under the supervision of the Chairman and Managing Director assisted by four Executive Directors and one Adviser. With its head office in Mumbai, IDBI has 43 additional offices throughout India. As of November 1998, IDBI was structured into 33 departments, which are organized into five groups to facilitate proper distribution of responsibility. Among these departments, the ones relevant to the efficient lending for ee/em activities are briefly described below. 3.1.1 Project appraisal department The Project Appraisal Department (PAD) appraises all the industrial project proposals. PAD projects constitute the majority of projects sanctioned by IDBI in terms of value. Besides a number of smaller projects are funded at the branch level. 3.1.2 Corporate finance departments The three Corporate Finance Departments (CFDs) follow up on the projects that have already been sanctioned, in order to ensure their timely implementation and proper utilization of funds. In addition, a new concept of a Relationship Manager was instituted within the CFDs. These managers will be dedicated to manage IDBIs interactions with a major industrial (ownership) group, such as Reliance Industries, the Tata Group, etc. While the relationship manager system works well from the perspective of consolidating knowledge about an industry group, it may not work as well where the focus has to be on an aspect of technology within an industry sector. For example, a relationship manager cannot be expected to be an expert on energy efficiency in every industry sector that forms a part of the industry group being dealt with by him/her. Hence, in order to develop some expertise in some of the industries, which are not necessarily dominated only by a few major industry groups, industry-sector-wise approach is also adopted. Thus the organization of a CFD is a workable mix of industry group and industry sub-sector, with the expertise of one Dealing group drawn upon by another. 3.1.3 Forex services and treasury departments: The Treasury and Funding Division contracts, decides on utilization and monitors all lines of credit from multi-lateral institutions like the World Bank (WB) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). It manages the various specialized loans and grants for energy and environmental technology projects, including this TA project. Organizational Structure IDBIs organization structure is driven by its business objectives of offering the best services to the major industry groups. At the same time it is so organised to have industry specialists in important industrial sub-sectors as well. The organisational structure is geared to provide the best products and services in the present competitive environment while simultaneously attempting to meet its developmental role governed by â€Å"issue-based† lending. Following financial sector liberalisation, the environment has turned highly competitive compelling IDBI to organise itself in a manner to prioritise the objective of offering the best services to the major industry groups over focus exclusively for energy efficiency and environmental activities. There is a need to create a â€Å"home or center† for energy and environmental technical activities. This center needs to be located at the highest level within IDBI in order to ensure visibility, and to provide a resource base, which could be accessed by all the concerned departments described above. IEEP and other such lines of credit are being managed by the FSD, which is not directly engaged in either project appraisal or in implementation. Hence its role is one of being a facilitator and co-ordinator for giving the needed focus to the ee/em activities. It is quite possible for this Section to be upgraded to be the â€Å"home† suggested above with appropriate technical staff for policy making, facilitation of the lines of credit, developmental activities, etc. in ee/em issues. This will help clarify the varied roles of CFD and FSD and avoid duplication of effort, better coordination and communication between the FSD and the CFD. A system of built-in incentives for co-operation and co-ordination between the concerned departments will also aid the organisation in playing a more effective role in ee/em activities  relating to policy formulation, loan approvals and subsequent disbursement. 3.3 IDBI Lending Procedure The current procedure for lending at IDBI includes: (1) an inquiry stage, (2) an application stage, (3) site visits, (4) preparation of an appraisal note, (5) an evaluation by IDBI committee, (6) the issuance of a Letter of Intent, and (7) preparation of a legal agreement for lending for suitable projects. IDBI also operates special credit lines for the mitigation of pollution, implementation of the Montreal Protocol commitments, modernization and expansion of energy intensive industry, etc. The technical norms for these lines were determined individually, but the lending procedure is the same as that for other IDBI projects. The lending procedure followed by IDBI is comprehensive, based on accepted methods of evaluation and collective wisdom, and is transparent. The procedure, however, does not provide for a serious attempt to evaluate the energy and environmental components of any lending proposal. At each stage of the application for a loan, a company is required to provide information on energy consumption, along with that of other utility services. Energy consumption information is disaggregated into fuels and electricity categories. The company is not required to provide indicators of energy use to IDBI, which makes the information difficult to evaluate. Indicators could link the energy (fuel and electricity) consumption to physical activity levels and permit comparison with best practice in India and abroad. IDBI could also ask for additional information on technical indicators in the loan application that industries are required to complete. Conclusions and Recommendations Our evaluation of IDBIs institutional structure, lending procedures, and training and information needs revealed that there is a clear need for greater focus towards ee/em activities, by strengthening the existing institutional structure and capability in this area. This strengthening can be accomplished through the creation and establishment of a â€Å"resource center† that will provide the necessary technical backup for IDBI officers at all levels. The center resources will include access to technical experts, handbooks, and databases. The technical experts will assist in the organization of seminars, workshops, and training programs. Role of Financial Institutions in industrial development To accelerate the process of industrialization, immediately after independence, Government of India took appropriate steps to create a network of financial institutions to fill the gaps in the supply of long-term finance to industry. IFCI was the first institution which was set-up in 1948 followed by SFCs established by different States/Union Territories under the SFCs Act.1951. The NIDC (1954), ICICI (1955), NSIC (1955), and RCI (1958) were established. IDBI was established in 1964 as the apex institution in the field of industrial finance. UTI was also established in the same year. LIC came into existence in 1956 and GIC in 1972. SIDCs/SIICs strengthened institutional set-up at regional level. IRCI was set-up in 1971 which was later renamed as IRBI. Reserve Bank has played an important role in creation of all these institutions. Thus, structure of financial institutions in India has become so greatly diversified  and strengthened that it has the ability to supply finance to a variety of enterprises in diverse forms. In this , an attempt has been made to analyze the role of specialized financial institutions in meeting the term-requirements of our growing industrial sector. For this purpose, an effort has been made to ascertain the extent and rapidity of financial assistance granted by financial institutions to industrial sector in general and private sector in particular. Apart from analyzing purpose wise, industry wise and state wise assistance granted by financial institutions, special attention has been given to evaluate their role in removal of regional imbalances through provision of finance to projects located in identified backward areas of the country. In order to make an in depth study, three financial institutions of diverse nature namely, IDBI, ICICI and SFCs have been chosen which together provided about two-third of the total financial requirements of the industrial sector. During 1970-90 assistance sanctioned and disbursed by IDBI has increased at an annual average growth rate of 32.3 per cent and 27.7 per cent respectively, which were higher than the growth rate of sanctions and disbursements of all financial institutions. IDBI has granted 37.4 per cent of its total assistance by way of direct assistance and remaining 62.6 per cent indirectly through other financial institutions. Loans were major form of direct assistance with 88.7 per cent share, while refinance of industrial loans with 59.5 per cent share was the major form of indirect assistance. Private sector has been the largest beneficiary of IDBIs assistance followed by public, joint and cooperative sectors. IDBI has taken keen interest in granting finances to small scale sector which received 30 per cent of the total assistance sanctioned by IDBI. More than half of its assistance has gone to basic and capital goods industries while consumer goods and services have got a little more than one-third of total assistance of IDBI. It has paid equal attention to new and existing projects in its financing operations. Though IDBIs assistance is spread over all State and Union Territories, but its substantial proportion is concentrated among few relatively developed and large states. Similarly, a major part of its total assistance granted to projects located in identified backward areas, which formed about two-fifth of its total assistance, has gone to few developed and large states. In chapter five, the contribution of ICICI in meeting the financial requirements of the industrial sector has been analysed. During 1970-90 assistance sanctioned by ICICI increased at a rate of 26.5 per cent per annum while disbursements increased 23.1 per cent. In accordance with its objective, ICICI has sanctioned 35.7 per cent of its total assistance in the form of foreign currency assistance. Rupee loans constituted 37.5 per cent of total assistance sanctioned by ICICI. More than four-fifth of its total assistance has gone to private sector. ICICI has granted greater part of its assistance (61.7 per cent) to existing projects for their expansion, modernisation, etc. while new projects accounted for 38.3 per cent of total assistance. More than  two-third of ICICIs assistance has gone to non-traditional growth oriented industries like chemicals and chemical products, Iron and Steel, Machinery, etc. Assistance of ICICI is basically concentrated among few relatively developed state s despite some reduction during eighties. Over the years, ICICI has been granting an increasing proportion of its total assistance to backward areas of the country, but its major part has gone to backward areas of few developed  states. Household sector has contributed an increasing share in the total financial resources of ICICI, while governments share has declined. SFCs which are state level development banks set-up for financing small and medium scale industries in their respective states. Till about 1970, operations of all SFCs grew at a slow pace but during seventies there was rapid growth in their operations and the pace has been sustained during eighties also. During 1970-90 sanctions of SFCs increased at a rate of 20.5 per cent per annum while disbursements increased by a marginally higher rate of 21.2 per cent. Performance of different SFCs has varied from one another and from year to year. In accordance with their basic objective, 76.1 per cent of total assistance sanctioned and 91.4 per cent of the total number of units assisted by SFCs were in the small scale sector. Services have been the largest beneficiary of SFCs assistance followed by chemicals and chemical products, food products, textiles, etc. SFCs have, by and large, confined their assistance to new projects which accounted 84.4 per cent of total assistance. SFCs have granted more than half of their assistance to projects located in identified backward areas of their respective states. An important feature is that SFCs of relatively backward states have performed better in this regard than that of developed states. However, SFCs depend heavily on government sources for their financial requirements. The aggregative role of all financial institutions in the industrial development of the country. It clearly reveals that industrial concerns in India depend more on financial institutions to finance their ventures than raising funds directly from the capital market. Conclusions of this study have been given in the last chapter. Major findings of this study are summarised below: During the last twenty years assistance granted by financial institutions has increased at a significantly high rate leading industrial concerns to depend more and more on them. In terms of growth rate of sanctions, IDBI and ICICI have outstripped the average growth rate of sanctions of all financial institutions, but SFCs have fallen behind this trend. The gap between assistance sanctioned and disbursed is more pronounced in case of IDBI and ICICI but it is relatively narrower in case of SFCs. Private sector has been the largest beneficiary of assistance of financial institutions followed by public sector. Proportion of investment-savings gap filled up by financial institutions has increased in private and public sector both during eighties. Financial institutions have provided assistance to new as well as existing projects. However, SFCs have confined their financing operations basically to new projects. IDBI and ICICI have granted major part of their assistance to basic and capital goods industries but SFCs have paid greater attention on consumer goods industries. Statewise break-up of assistance provided by financial institutions reveals considerable concentration among few developed and large states despite some reduction during eighties. North-Eastern states have been almost completely neglected by all financial institutions. A significant part of the total assistance granted by financial institutions has gone to projects located in identified backward areas of the country, but its statewise distribution has helped to reduce intra-state disparities in industrial development and increased inter-state disparities between developed and backward states. Finally, IDBI and ICICI have generated a significant part of their resources from the household sector but SFCs are largely dependent upon the government sources. Role of Financial Institutions in Foreign Investment in India Financial Institutions plays a significant role in Foreign Investment in India. There are various financial institutions in India which undertake significant initiatives to ensure foreign investment inflows in the industrial units in India. The main role of the financial institutions in India in respect to foreign investments is to aid foreign investors in investment activities in India. The funds from overseas countries come in two forms: Foreign direct Investments and Joint Ventures of the foreign companies with Indian companies. Foreign direct investments inflows are approved through automatic route or through government route. Those units that require government approval to get funds require the FIPB approval. Foreign Direct Investment through automatic route, on the other hand, does not require FIPB approval. All these allocation of financial assistance to various industrial units in India are guided by the financial institutions set up in various parts of India. Some of the leading financial institutions in India that play an important role in foreign investments in India are RBI, IDBI Bank, IFCI Bank, ICICI Limited and EXIM Bank. RBI in Foreign Investment- RBI works through automatic route and government route in allocating funds in various sectors of the Indian industry. Its mandatory for all the foreign investors to get approvals from RBI in order to carry out invest activities in the industrial units in India. FDI is allotted up to 100 percent under automatic route and it does not require approval from FIPB. IDBI in Foreign Investment- IDBI acts as a financial institution which allots financial assistance to the industrial sectors which are mainly involved in manufacture or processing of goods, mining, transport generation and distribution of power both in private and public sectors. Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) has been a fully owned subsidiary bank of the Reserve Bank of India till February 1976 after which it was disconnected from RBI. ICICI Limited in Foreign Investment- ICICI Limited was set up in the year 1994 and ICICI Bank is a entirely owned subsidiary of ICICI Limited. ICICI Limited is known as one the best financial institutions in India as it offers a wide spectrum of services to its customers. ICICI bank offers a wide array of banking products and financial services to corporate and retail customers through various delivery channels, specialized subsidiaries and affiliated firms, venture capital units, non-life insurance sectors, and so on. EXIM Bank in Foreign Investment- EXIM Bank plays a pivotal role in providing financial assistance to encourage the export production in India. Direct financial assistance, Foreign investment finance, Term loaning options for export production and export development, Pre-shipping credit, Export bills rediscounting, and Refinance to commercial banks are some of the services that EXIM Bank has specialized in. Role of IDBI in Foreign Investment The role of IDBI in Foreign Investment is mainly to provide financial assistance on a consortium basis to various industrial units in India which are mainly involved in manufacturing or processing of goods, mining, transport generation and distribution of power. Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) has been a fully owned subsidiary bank of the Reserve Bank of India till February 1976. It was then disconnected from RBI and was made an autonomous corporation owned by the Government of India. IDBI is known to be the tenth largest bank in the world in terms of carrying out developmental activities. Some of the financial institutions set up by IDBI to carry out the activities are The National Stock Exchange (NSE), The National Securities Depository Services Ltd. (NSDL), and Stock Holding Corporation of India (SHCIL). Role of IDBI in Foreign Investment It manages various financial institutions working under IDBI bank Provides financial assistance to various industrial units in terms of developments It also offers refinancing options including term loans to the suitable financial institutions It provides funding to the industrial units that are involved in manufacture or processing of goods, mining, transport generation and distribution of power both in private and public sectors It also provides finance to various projects, expansion of any project, diversifications, or even developing the projects which will exceed Rs. 30 million and it also provides funding to those projects which cost less than Rs. 30 million through indirect means as it offers refinancing to the main financial institutions such as SFC/Commercial Banks etc OBJECTIVES OF IDBI IDBI is the apex institution in the area of long term industrial finance. It was established under the IDBI Act 1964 as a wholly owned subsidiary of RBI and started functioning on July 01, 1964. Under Public Financial Institutions Laws (Amendment) Act 1976, it was delinked from RBI. IDBI is engaged in direct financing of the industrial activities as well as in re-finance and re-discounting of bills against finance made available by commercial banks under their various schemes. The objectives of this institution are to create a principal institution for long term finance, to coordinate the institutions working in this field for planned development of industrial sector, to provide technical and administrative support to the industries and to conduct research and development activities for the benefit of industrial sector. It raises funds by way of market borrowing by way of bonds and deposits, borrowing from Govt. and RBI, borrowing abroad in foreign currency and lines of credit. Its functions include: direct loans (rupee as well as foreign currency) to industrial undertakings as defined in the Act to finance their new projects, expansion, modernisation etc. soft loans for various purposes including modernisation and under equipment finance scheme underwriting and direct subscription to shares/debentures of the industrial companies. sanction of foreign currency loans for import of equipment or capital goods. short term working capital loans to the corporates for meeting their working capital requirements. refinance to banks and other institutions against loans granted by them. Of late, with the reforms in the financial sector, IDBI has taken steps to re-shape its role from a development finance institution to a commercial institution. It has floated its own bank IDBI Bank as also a Mutual Fund. During the financial year 1999-2000 IDBIs total sanctions were Rs.28308 cr (19.2% increase), the total assets were Rs.72169 cr, net worth at Rs.9025 cr, capital adequacy ratio of 14.5%, DER 6.8:1 and PBT Rs.1027 cr (1301 cr previous years). To meet emerging challanges, it has been introducing new products, setting up Mergers Acquistions Divn, increasing fee based business such as corporate advisory services, credit syndication, debenture-trushtee ship etc., setting up of IT sector subsidiary-IDBI Intech Ltd, venture capital fund, joint ventures and transfer of not less than 51% of IDBIs share capital in SIDBI to PSBs as a result of SIDBI (Amendment) Act 2000 effective from 27.03.2000. IDBI scouting for buyouts, two banks on radar After acquiring United Western Bank three years ago, IDBI Bank is at it once again and has identified two domestic lenders as possible targets. Disclosing this, the public sector banks Chairman and Managing Director Yogesh Agarwal told reporters here today that talks were on with the two banks. He did not divulge the identities of the two banks. IDBIs move is in line with the central governments thinking favoring a consolidation in the Indian banking sector. IDBI does not need to raise funds for the acquisitions but may look at capital raising to finance its business growth. The bank has dropped its earlier plan to sell its Pune-based home loan subsidiary, IDBI Home Finance (IHFL). Review of Progress (Operations) IDBI has given special attention to better regional development and innovational and promotional activities. It has conducted surveys of backward regions. It has given special help to backward Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBA) Analysis Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBA) Analysis INTROUCTION The Industrial Development Bank of India Limited, was established as wholly-owned subsidiary of Reserve Bank of India. The foundation of bank was laid down under an Act of Parliament, in July 1964. The main aim behind the setting up of IDBI was to provide credit and other facilities for the Indian industry, which was still in the initial stages of growth and development. In February 1976, the ownership of IDBI was transferred to Government of India. After the transfer of its ownership, IDBI became the main institution, through which the institutes engaged in financing, promoting and developing industry were to be coordinated. In January 1992, IDBI accessed domestic retail debt market for the first time, with innovative Deep Discount Bonds, and registered path-breaking success. The following year, it set up the IDBI Capital Market Services Ltd., as its wholly-owned subsidiary, to offer a broad range of financial services, including Bond Trading, Equity Broking, Client Asset Management and Depository Services. In September 1994, in response to RBIs policy of opening up domestic banking sector to private participation, IDBI set up IDBI Bank Ltd., in association with SIDBI. In July 1995, public issue of the bank was taken out, after which the Governments shareholding came down (though it still retains majority of the shareholding in the bank). In September 2003, IDBI took over Tata Home Finance Ltd, renamed ‘IDBI Home finance Limited, thus diversifying its business domain and entering the arena of retail finance sector. The year 2005 witnessed the merger of IDBI Bank with the Industrial Development Bank of India Ltd. The new entity continued to its development finance role, while providing an array of wholesale and retail banking products (and does so till date). The following year, IDBI Bank acquired United Western Bank (which, at that time, had 230 branches spread over 47 districts, in 9 states). In the financial year of 2008, IDBI Bank had a net income of Rs 9415.9 crores and total assets of Rs 120,601 crores. The Present Today, IDBI Bank is counted amongst the leading public sector banks of India, apart from claiming the distinction of being the 4th largest bank, in overall ratings. It is presently regarded as the tenth largest development bank in the world, mainly in terms of reach. This is because of its wide network of 688 branches, 1139 ATMs and 457 centers. Apart from being involved in banking services, IDBI has set up institutions like The National Stock Exchange of India (NSE), The National Securities Depository Services Ltd. (NSDL) and the Stock Holding Corporation of India (SHCIL). Products Services Personal Banking Deposits Loans Payments Tax Payments, Stamp Duty Payments, Easy Fill, Bill Payment, Card to Card Money Transfer, PayMate, Online Payments Mutual Fund Demat Account IPO Insurance FamilyCare, Weathsurance Cards Debit Card, Credit Card, Cash Card, Gift Card, International Debit-cum-ATM Card, World Currency Card Institutional Banking Lockers India Post NRI Services Phone Banking SMS Banking Account Alerts Internet Banking Corporate Banking Project Finance Infrastructure Finance Syndication, Underwriting Advisory Services Carbon Credits Business Working Capital Cash Management Services Trade Finance Tax Payments Derivatives Technology Upgradation Fund Scheme (TUFS) Film Financing Scheme Direct Discounting Bills Rehabilitation Finance Others SME Finance Agri-business Products Main Functions of IDBI- IDBI coordinates between various financial institutions who are highly involved in provide financial assistance, promoting, and developing various industrial units IDBI is also engaged in a variety of promotional activities such as development programs for the fresh entrepreneurs, planning of consultancy services for both the small scale enterprises and the medium sized industrial units IDBI works for the advancement of technology and other welfare schemes to ensure economic development. Industrial Development Bank of India acts as a catalyst in various industrial development programs. IDBI provides financial assistance to all kinds of industrial units which comes under the provisions of the IDBI Act. IDBI has served various industrial sectors in India for about three years and has grown leaps and bounds in its size and operating units. IDBIs role as a catalyst IDBIs role as a catalyst to industrial development encompasses a wide spectrum of activities. IDBI can finance all types of industrial concerns covered under the provisions of the IDBI Act. With over three decades of service to the Indian industry, IDBI has grown substantially in terms of size of operations and portfolio. Developmental Activities of IDBI Promotional activities In fulfillment of its developmental role, the Bank continues to perform a wide range of promotional activities relating to developmental programmes for new entrepreneurs, consultancy services for small and medium enterprises and programmes designed for accredited voluntary agencies for the economic upliftment of the underprivileged. These include entrepreneurship development, self-employment and wage employment in the industrial sector for the weaker sections of society through voluntary agencies, support to Science and Technology Entrepreneurs Parks, Energy Conservation, Common Quality Testing Centres for small industries. Technical Consultancy Organizations With a view to making available at a reasonable cost, consultancy and advisory services to entrepreneurs, particularly to new and small entrepreneurs, IDBI, in collaboration with other All-India Financial Institutions, has set up a network of Technical Consultancy Organizations (TCOs) covering the entire country. TCOs offer diversified services to small and medium enterprises in the selection, formulation and appraisal of projects, their implementation and review. Entrepreneurship Development Institute Realising that entrepreneurship development is the key to industrial development, IDBI played a prime role in setting up of the Entrepreneurship Development Institute of India for fostering entrepreneurship in the country. It has also established similar institutes in Bihar, Orissa, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh. IDBI also extends financial support to various organisations in conducting studies or surveys of relevance to industrial development. IDBI Lending Process, Institutional Structure, Training, Information and Data Needs IDBI was established in 1964 under an Act of Parliament for providing credit and other facilities for the development of industry. It also acts as the principal financial institution for coordinating the activities of institutions engaged in the finance, promotion, or development of industry. The Government of Indias shareholding in IDBI amounts to 72% and the rest of the shares are owned by the general public. IDBI has also offered specialised schemes for energy conservation viz. Equipment Finance for Energy Conservation and Energy Audit Subsidy Scheme. Presently, IDBI provides rupee and foreign currency term loans for the acquisition and installation of energy conservation equipment, and for pollution control and prevention projects in highly polluting industrial sectors, funded inter alia, out of World Banks Industrial Pollution Prevention Project (IPPP) or the US Agency for International Development-funded Greenhouse Gas Pollution Prevention (GEP) Project. Besides, finance is made available for EE/EM out of the on-going Industrial Energy Efficiency Project of the ADB of which the TA forms a part. Under this project, finance is given to industrial units in rupee as well as in foreign currency. Additional funding needs left unmet by the ADB funds are supplemented by IDBIs own funds as well. 3.1 IDBI Institutional Structure IDBI is governed by a Board of Directors and its operation is carried out under the supervision of the Chairman and Managing Director assisted by four Executive Directors and one Adviser. With its head office in Mumbai, IDBI has 43 additional offices throughout India. As of November 1998, IDBI was structured into 33 departments, which are organized into five groups to facilitate proper distribution of responsibility. Among these departments, the ones relevant to the efficient lending for ee/em activities are briefly described below. 3.1.1 Project appraisal department The Project Appraisal Department (PAD) appraises all the industrial project proposals. PAD projects constitute the majority of projects sanctioned by IDBI in terms of value. Besides a number of smaller projects are funded at the branch level. 3.1.2 Corporate finance departments The three Corporate Finance Departments (CFDs) follow up on the projects that have already been sanctioned, in order to ensure their timely implementation and proper utilization of funds. In addition, a new concept of a Relationship Manager was instituted within the CFDs. These managers will be dedicated to manage IDBIs interactions with a major industrial (ownership) group, such as Reliance Industries, the Tata Group, etc. While the relationship manager system works well from the perspective of consolidating knowledge about an industry group, it may not work as well where the focus has to be on an aspect of technology within an industry sector. For example, a relationship manager cannot be expected to be an expert on energy efficiency in every industry sector that forms a part of the industry group being dealt with by him/her. Hence, in order to develop some expertise in some of the industries, which are not necessarily dominated only by a few major industry groups, industry-sector-wise approach is also adopted. Thus the organization of a CFD is a workable mix of industry group and industry sub-sector, with the expertise of one Dealing group drawn upon by another. 3.1.3 Forex services and treasury departments: The Treasury and Funding Division contracts, decides on utilization and monitors all lines of credit from multi-lateral institutions like the World Bank (WB) and the Asian Development Bank (ADB). It manages the various specialized loans and grants for energy and environmental technology projects, including this TA project. Organizational Structure IDBIs organization structure is driven by its business objectives of offering the best services to the major industry groups. At the same time it is so organised to have industry specialists in important industrial sub-sectors as well. The organisational structure is geared to provide the best products and services in the present competitive environment while simultaneously attempting to meet its developmental role governed by â€Å"issue-based† lending. Following financial sector liberalisation, the environment has turned highly competitive compelling IDBI to organise itself in a manner to prioritise the objective of offering the best services to the major industry groups over focus exclusively for energy efficiency and environmental activities. There is a need to create a â€Å"home or center† for energy and environmental technical activities. This center needs to be located at the highest level within IDBI in order to ensure visibility, and to provide a resource base, which could be accessed by all the concerned departments described above. IEEP and other such lines of credit are being managed by the FSD, which is not directly engaged in either project appraisal or in implementation. Hence its role is one of being a facilitator and co-ordinator for giving the needed focus to the ee/em activities. It is quite possible for this Section to be upgraded to be the â€Å"home† suggested above with appropriate technical staff for policy making, facilitation of the lines of credit, developmental activities, etc. in ee/em issues. This will help clarify the varied roles of CFD and FSD and avoid duplication of effort, better coordination and communication between the FSD and the CFD. A system of built-in incentives for co-operation and co-ordination between the concerned departments will also aid the organisation in playing a more effective role in ee/em activities  relating to policy formulation, loan approvals and subsequent disbursement. 3.3 IDBI Lending Procedure The current procedure for lending at IDBI includes: (1) an inquiry stage, (2) an application stage, (3) site visits, (4) preparation of an appraisal note, (5) an evaluation by IDBI committee, (6) the issuance of a Letter of Intent, and (7) preparation of a legal agreement for lending for suitable projects. IDBI also operates special credit lines for the mitigation of pollution, implementation of the Montreal Protocol commitments, modernization and expansion of energy intensive industry, etc. The technical norms for these lines were determined individually, but the lending procedure is the same as that for other IDBI projects. The lending procedure followed by IDBI is comprehensive, based on accepted methods of evaluation and collective wisdom, and is transparent. The procedure, however, does not provide for a serious attempt to evaluate the energy and environmental components of any lending proposal. At each stage of the application for a loan, a company is required to provide information on energy consumption, along with that of other utility services. Energy consumption information is disaggregated into fuels and electricity categories. The company is not required to provide indicators of energy use to IDBI, which makes the information difficult to evaluate. Indicators could link the energy (fuel and electricity) consumption to physical activity levels and permit comparison with best practice in India and abroad. IDBI could also ask for additional information on technical indicators in the loan application that industries are required to complete. Conclusions and Recommendations Our evaluation of IDBIs institutional structure, lending procedures, and training and information needs revealed that there is a clear need for greater focus towards ee/em activities, by strengthening the existing institutional structure and capability in this area. This strengthening can be accomplished through the creation and establishment of a â€Å"resource center† that will provide the necessary technical backup for IDBI officers at all levels. The center resources will include access to technical experts, handbooks, and databases. The technical experts will assist in the organization of seminars, workshops, and training programs. Role of Financial Institutions in industrial development To accelerate the process of industrialization, immediately after independence, Government of India took appropriate steps to create a network of financial institutions to fill the gaps in the supply of long-term finance to industry. IFCI was the first institution which was set-up in 1948 followed by SFCs established by different States/Union Territories under the SFCs Act.1951. The NIDC (1954), ICICI (1955), NSIC (1955), and RCI (1958) were established. IDBI was established in 1964 as the apex institution in the field of industrial finance. UTI was also established in the same year. LIC came into existence in 1956 and GIC in 1972. SIDCs/SIICs strengthened institutional set-up at regional level. IRCI was set-up in 1971 which was later renamed as IRBI. Reserve Bank has played an important role in creation of all these institutions. Thus, structure of financial institutions in India has become so greatly diversified  and strengthened that it has the ability to supply finance to a variety of enterprises in diverse forms. In this , an attempt has been made to analyze the role of specialized financial institutions in meeting the term-requirements of our growing industrial sector. For this purpose, an effort has been made to ascertain the extent and rapidity of financial assistance granted by financial institutions to industrial sector in general and private sector in particular. Apart from analyzing purpose wise, industry wise and state wise assistance granted by financial institutions, special attention has been given to evaluate their role in removal of regional imbalances through provision of finance to projects located in identified backward areas of the country. In order to make an in depth study, three financial institutions of diverse nature namely, IDBI, ICICI and SFCs have been chosen which together provided about two-third of the total financial requirements of the industrial sector. During 1970-90 assistance sanctioned and disbursed by IDBI has increased at an annual average growth rate of 32.3 per cent and 27.7 per cent respectively, which were higher than the growth rate of sanctions and disbursements of all financial institutions. IDBI has granted 37.4 per cent of its total assistance by way of direct assistance and remaining 62.6 per cent indirectly through other financial institutions. Loans were major form of direct assistance with 88.7 per cent share, while refinance of industrial loans with 59.5 per cent share was the major form of indirect assistance. Private sector has been the largest beneficiary of IDBIs assistance followed by public, joint and cooperative sectors. IDBI has taken keen interest in granting finances to small scale sector which received 30 per cent of the total assistance sanctioned by IDBI. More than half of its assistance has gone to basic and capital goods industries while consumer goods and services have got a little more than one-third of total assistance of IDBI. It has paid equal attention to new and existing projects in its financing operations. Though IDBIs assistance is spread over all State and Union Territories, but its substantial proportion is concentrated among few relatively developed and large states. Similarly, a major part of its total assistance granted to projects located in identified backward areas, which formed about two-fifth of its total assistance, has gone to few developed and large states. In chapter five, the contribution of ICICI in meeting the financial requirements of the industrial sector has been analysed. During 1970-90 assistance sanctioned by ICICI increased at a rate of 26.5 per cent per annum while disbursements increased 23.1 per cent. In accordance with its objective, ICICI has sanctioned 35.7 per cent of its total assistance in the form of foreign currency assistance. Rupee loans constituted 37.5 per cent of total assistance sanctioned by ICICI. More than four-fifth of its total assistance has gone to private sector. ICICI has granted greater part of its assistance (61.7 per cent) to existing projects for their expansion, modernisation, etc. while new projects accounted for 38.3 per cent of total assistance. More than  two-third of ICICIs assistance has gone to non-traditional growth oriented industries like chemicals and chemical products, Iron and Steel, Machinery, etc. Assistance of ICICI is basically concentrated among few relatively developed state s despite some reduction during eighties. Over the years, ICICI has been granting an increasing proportion of its total assistance to backward areas of the country, but its major part has gone to backward areas of few developed  states. Household sector has contributed an increasing share in the total financial resources of ICICI, while governments share has declined. SFCs which are state level development banks set-up for financing small and medium scale industries in their respective states. Till about 1970, operations of all SFCs grew at a slow pace but during seventies there was rapid growth in their operations and the pace has been sustained during eighties also. During 1970-90 sanctions of SFCs increased at a rate of 20.5 per cent per annum while disbursements increased by a marginally higher rate of 21.2 per cent. Performance of different SFCs has varied from one another and from year to year. In accordance with their basic objective, 76.1 per cent of total assistance sanctioned and 91.4 per cent of the total number of units assisted by SFCs were in the small scale sector. Services have been the largest beneficiary of SFCs assistance followed by chemicals and chemical products, food products, textiles, etc. SFCs have, by and large, confined their assistance to new projects which accounted 84.4 per cent of total assistance. SFCs have granted more than half of their assistance to projects located in identified backward areas of their respective states. An important feature is that SFCs of relatively backward states have performed better in this regard than that of developed states. However, SFCs depend heavily on government sources for their financial requirements. The aggregative role of all financial institutions in the industrial development of the country. It clearly reveals that industrial concerns in India depend more on financial institutions to finance their ventures than raising funds directly from the capital market. Conclusions of this study have been given in the last chapter. Major findings of this study are summarised below: During the last twenty years assistance granted by financial institutions has increased at a significantly high rate leading industrial concerns to depend more and more on them. In terms of growth rate of sanctions, IDBI and ICICI have outstripped the average growth rate of sanctions of all financial institutions, but SFCs have fallen behind this trend. The gap between assistance sanctioned and disbursed is more pronounced in case of IDBI and ICICI but it is relatively narrower in case of SFCs. Private sector has been the largest beneficiary of assistance of financial institutions followed by public sector. Proportion of investment-savings gap filled up by financial institutions has increased in private and public sector both during eighties. Financial institutions have provided assistance to new as well as existing projects. However, SFCs have confined their financing operations basically to new projects. IDBI and ICICI have granted major part of their assistance to basic and capital goods industries but SFCs have paid greater attention on consumer goods industries. Statewise break-up of assistance provided by financial institutions reveals considerable concentration among few developed and large states despite some reduction during eighties. North-Eastern states have been almost completely neglected by all financial institutions. A significant part of the total assistance granted by financial institutions has gone to projects located in identified backward areas of the country, but its statewise distribution has helped to reduce intra-state disparities in industrial development and increased inter-state disparities between developed and backward states. Finally, IDBI and ICICI have generated a significant part of their resources from the household sector but SFCs are largely dependent upon the government sources. Role of Financial Institutions in Foreign Investment in India Financial Institutions plays a significant role in Foreign Investment in India. There are various financial institutions in India which undertake significant initiatives to ensure foreign investment inflows in the industrial units in India. The main role of the financial institutions in India in respect to foreign investments is to aid foreign investors in investment activities in India. The funds from overseas countries come in two forms: Foreign direct Investments and Joint Ventures of the foreign companies with Indian companies. Foreign direct investments inflows are approved through automatic route or through government route. Those units that require government approval to get funds require the FIPB approval. Foreign Direct Investment through automatic route, on the other hand, does not require FIPB approval. All these allocation of financial assistance to various industrial units in India are guided by the financial institutions set up in various parts of India. Some of the leading financial institutions in India that play an important role in foreign investments in India are RBI, IDBI Bank, IFCI Bank, ICICI Limited and EXIM Bank. RBI in Foreign Investment- RBI works through automatic route and government route in allocating funds in various sectors of the Indian industry. Its mandatory for all the foreign investors to get approvals from RBI in order to carry out invest activities in the industrial units in India. FDI is allotted up to 100 percent under automatic route and it does not require approval from FIPB. IDBI in Foreign Investment- IDBI acts as a financial institution which allots financial assistance to the industrial sectors which are mainly involved in manufacture or processing of goods, mining, transport generation and distribution of power both in private and public sectors. Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) has been a fully owned subsidiary bank of the Reserve Bank of India till February 1976 after which it was disconnected from RBI. ICICI Limited in Foreign Investment- ICICI Limited was set up in the year 1994 and ICICI Bank is a entirely owned subsidiary of ICICI Limited. ICICI Limited is known as one the best financial institutions in India as it offers a wide spectrum of services to its customers. ICICI bank offers a wide array of banking products and financial services to corporate and retail customers through various delivery channels, specialized subsidiaries and affiliated firms, venture capital units, non-life insurance sectors, and so on. EXIM Bank in Foreign Investment- EXIM Bank plays a pivotal role in providing financial assistance to encourage the export production in India. Direct financial assistance, Foreign investment finance, Term loaning options for export production and export development, Pre-shipping credit, Export bills rediscounting, and Refinance to commercial banks are some of the services that EXIM Bank has specialized in. Role of IDBI in Foreign Investment The role of IDBI in Foreign Investment is mainly to provide financial assistance on a consortium basis to various industrial units in India which are mainly involved in manufacturing or processing of goods, mining, transport generation and distribution of power. Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) has been a fully owned subsidiary bank of the Reserve Bank of India till February 1976. It was then disconnected from RBI and was made an autonomous corporation owned by the Government of India. IDBI is known to be the tenth largest bank in the world in terms of carrying out developmental activities. Some of the financial institutions set up by IDBI to carry out the activities are The National Stock Exchange (NSE), The National Securities Depository Services Ltd. (NSDL), and Stock Holding Corporation of India (SHCIL). Role of IDBI in Foreign Investment It manages various financial institutions working under IDBI bank Provides financial assistance to various industrial units in terms of developments It also offers refinancing options including term loans to the suitable financial institutions It provides funding to the industrial units that are involved in manufacture or processing of goods, mining, transport generation and distribution of power both in private and public sectors It also provides finance to various projects, expansion of any project, diversifications, or even developing the projects which will exceed Rs. 30 million and it also provides funding to those projects which cost less than Rs. 30 million through indirect means as it offers refinancing to the main financial institutions such as SFC/Commercial Banks etc OBJECTIVES OF IDBI IDBI is the apex institution in the area of long term industrial finance. It was established under the IDBI Act 1964 as a wholly owned subsidiary of RBI and started functioning on July 01, 1964. Under Public Financial Institutions Laws (Amendment) Act 1976, it was delinked from RBI. IDBI is engaged in direct financing of the industrial activities as well as in re-finance and re-discounting of bills against finance made available by commercial banks under their various schemes. The objectives of this institution are to create a principal institution for long term finance, to coordinate the institutions working in this field for planned development of industrial sector, to provide technical and administrative support to the industries and to conduct research and development activities for the benefit of industrial sector. It raises funds by way of market borrowing by way of bonds and deposits, borrowing from Govt. and RBI, borrowing abroad in foreign currency and lines of credit. Its functions include: direct loans (rupee as well as foreign currency) to industrial undertakings as defined in the Act to finance their new projects, expansion, modernisation etc. soft loans for various purposes including modernisation and under equipment finance scheme underwriting and direct subscription to shares/debentures of the industrial companies. sanction of foreign currency loans for import of equipment or capital goods. short term working capital loans to the corporates for meeting their working capital requirements. refinance to banks and other institutions against loans granted by them. Of late, with the reforms in the financial sector, IDBI has taken steps to re-shape its role from a development finance institution to a commercial institution. It has floated its own bank IDBI Bank as also a Mutual Fund. During the financial year 1999-2000 IDBIs total sanctions were Rs.28308 cr (19.2% increase), the total assets were Rs.72169 cr, net worth at Rs.9025 cr, capital adequacy ratio of 14.5%, DER 6.8:1 and PBT Rs.1027 cr (1301 cr previous years). To meet emerging challanges, it has been introducing new products, setting up Mergers Acquistions Divn, increasing fee based business such as corporate advisory services, credit syndication, debenture-trushtee ship etc., setting up of IT sector subsidiary-IDBI Intech Ltd, venture capital fund, joint ventures and transfer of not less than 51% of IDBIs share capital in SIDBI to PSBs as a result of SIDBI (Amendment) Act 2000 effective from 27.03.2000. IDBI scouting for buyouts, two banks on radar After acquiring United Western Bank three years ago, IDBI Bank is at it once again and has identified two domestic lenders as possible targets. Disclosing this, the public sector banks Chairman and Managing Director Yogesh Agarwal told reporters here today that talks were on with the two banks. He did not divulge the identities of the two banks. IDBIs move is in line with the central governments thinking favoring a consolidation in the Indian banking sector. IDBI does not need to raise funds for the acquisitions but may look at capital raising to finance its business growth. The bank has dropped its earlier plan to sell its Pune-based home loan subsidiary, IDBI Home Finance (IHFL). Review of Progress (Operations) IDBI has given special attention to better regional development and innovational and promotional activities. It has conducted surveys of backward regions. It has given special help to backward