Onnagata: The Art of Woman in Japanese Kabuki Essay -- Japanese Societ

The grace of a swan, subtle graceful movements, beauty, and finesse, these are completely aspects of the Japanese Onnagata 1.The Onnagata ( masculine actors portraying women) in Japan is viewed as the ideal women, according to the revered Misaki Isaka, their conduct offstage is made responsible for artistry onstage, such as render (ka), dancing (bu), and acting (ki) 2. This is how Japanese society has come to view them over the years, but in reality, the Onnagata is a repressed individual that is not allowed to express their maleness in any facet in society. This can be seen in a quote, within a short story, written by Yukio Mishima He must live as a woman in his daily life, he is unlikely to be considered an accomplished Onnagata. When he calculates on stage, the more he concentrates on performing this or that essentially feminine action the more masculine he will seem3. The Onnagata, in Japan, is the ideal perfect woman who surpasses all women, but they are the contradictory, male representation of the male fantasy. The manner in which, the Onnagata, essentially is in Japanese society has created a new ideal of sex activity in Japan and a new form of repression. Kabuki would have died had not increasingly believable, instead of merely pretty, female characters begun to appear in the mature male kabuki that emerged in the 1650s an open transition from gay theater to Gei Theater, gei being Japanese for artOnly actors past their adolescence could do and they were forced by law to recognise their physical attractiveness 4. The dictatorial members of the government at the time felt women and homosexual men had over stepped their bounds in theater, thus banning them. unitary reason for this is the essential make up of society for women in the To... ...the protests against this form of life, I neer realized that this was the basis of their ideas.19.Isaka, Misaki, Box Lunch Etiquette, Manners and Mischief, 56. (Ayame a famous Onnagata from the Tokugawa pe riod who laid out decorum for Onnagata. He said one should show dedication to their every action including eating and one should never leave their onstage role. They are to become onna in every way and to be beautiful even in old age. Ayame told them to embody real women and to front mischievous with a chaste mind and should never be seen to purposely make the present audience laugh for it is disgraceful, their most important role is to appear chaste). 20.Mishima, Yukio Onnagata Death in Midsummer, 1966, 146 (Onnagata can never capture the complete sense of femininity, for it is a piece of a brief moment in time, simply a fragment of a way of life).

CLassical vs. Hellenistic :: essays research papers

A range of sculptural styles appeared during the classic period. For example, a highly academic style, which tells a story through a range of symbolic figures, was used in a relief pitcher carved by Archelaos of Priene, The Apotheosis of Homer (150? BC, British Museum, London). The relief was dedicated to the Muses or to Homer and shows the poet along with figures representing the World, Time, Homers great epic poems the Iliad and the Odyssey, and other literary images and ideas.But perhaps the most distinctive Hellenistic style is one sometimes called Baroque. Hellenistic Baroque, like the Baroque style of 17th-century Europe, is defined by its melodramatic, exaggerated effects. It is especially associated with the ancient city of Pergamum, and its masterpiece is the so-called Great communion table of Zeus built atop the citys acropolis sometime from about 190 to 156 BC. (A reconstruction of the west facade of the Great Altar is housed in the Pergamum Museum in Berlin, Germany.) The monument may in fact be a shrine to Telephus, Pergamums legendary hero and founder, rather than to Zeus. The life story of Telephus, from his cede to his exploits as a mature hero, unfolds in a continuous frieze inside the monument. A podium supports the monument and around it an even larger frieze recounts the Battle of the Gods and the Giants. approximately figures seem ready to leap off the wall. Some even crawl up the sides of a staircase that visitors use to reach the altar. The muscles of the figures are taut and pronounced, the shroud sweeping and tumultuous, the poses violent and dramatic, the faces expressive and pained. In one scene, the goddess Athena has caught a giant by the hair he gazes helplessly toward the sky as he tries to free himself from her grip. His expressive pose resembles that of a Trojan priest, Laocon, in a later statue of Laocon and his Sons (Vatican Museums), shown as he struggles to free himself from giant snakes.Although the names of the sculp tors of the Laocon are known (Athanadoros, Hagesandros, and Polydoros of Rhodes), the exact date of the statue is a matter of dispute.

Alzheimers Disease Essay -- Alzheimers Disease Essays

Alzheimers disease is a form of dementia that gets worse over time. It leads to expression cell death, and tissue loss throughout the brain. Over time, the brain shrinks dramatically, affecting n early(a) all its functions. It gradually destroys a persons memory and ability to learn and melt down out daily activities such as talking, eating, and going to the bathroom (What Is Alzheimers). Early symptoms include personality changes, memory impairment, problems with language, decision-making ability, appraisal, and personality.Alzheimers was named after Dr. Alois Alzheimer. In 1906, Dr. Alzheimer noticed changes in the brain tissue of a woman who died of an unusual mental illness. After she died, he examined her and found plaques and tangles in her brain which are the two main features of Alzheimers. Patients with Alzheimers often die earlier than normal, although a patient may live anywhere from 3-20 years after diagnosis. Death often occurs from an infection or a failure of other body systems. Early diagnosis relies largely on documenting mental decline. Biomarkers are reliable predictors and indicators of a disease process. Alzheimers begins as early as 10 to 20 years before any problems are evident. It develops in your 30s, 40s, 50s, but usually after age 60. As many as 5.1 million Americans may have this disease. There is no specific test today that confirms you have Alzheimers disease. Your doctor will make a judgment about whether Alzheimers is the most likely cause of your symptoms based on the information you provide and results of various tests that can help clarify the diagnosis. Doctors typically rely on physical and neurological exams to check your reflexes and sense of touch and sight, lab t... ... Researchers are looking for new treatments to alter the course of the disease and improve the quality of intent for people with dementia. Works Cited1. Alzheimers Disease. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. 2014. Web. 3 Mar. 2014. . 2. Alzheimers Disease. helpguide.org. 2014. Web. 3 Mar. 2014. .3. Alzheimers Disease. www.alz.org. 2014. Web. 3 Mar. 2014. ..4. Alzheimers Disease. www.nia.nih.gov. 19 Feb. 2013. Web. 3 Mar. 2014. .5. Powell, Lenore S. Alzheimers Disease. New York City, USA Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1983. Print.

Essay --

Edith CoralesMed 2049Acute renal Failure PTXTomie Nishime11/11/2013The human anatomy works is amazing in many shipway and for the most part it all works together to keep a person alive. Every part of the body is essential, but the most important part ar the vital organs hence the word vital. In most cases the organs start working when the baby is just in the womb but as person hits a certain milestone the body starts to progress to complications. Even a healthy person can start to have problems because it is inevitable to avoid harmful toxic that could have a negative effect on the body. In reference to toxic, the organ that eliminates toxics out of the body is the kidney. As stated by the National Kidney Foundation Most people know that a major function of the kidneys is to remove molder products and excess fluid from the body. These waste products and excess fluid are removed through the urine. The production of urine involves highly complex steps of excretion and re-absorpt ion. This process is necessary to maintain a stable balance of body chemicals (2013). Therefore the kidneys need to be well cared for because any damage to it can cause a malfunction for instance, acute renal failure (ARF) reduces or completely stops the kidneys function to filter our waste from the blood and excreting it in a form of urine. There are three different cause of acute renal failure prerenal, intrarenal and post renal. Pre-renal is a case when there is a loss of fluid in the body for example, hypovolemic shock due to internal bleeding can cause a prerenal ARF. Pre-renal happens outside of the body because of the depletion of vascular fluid. As noted by Needham in his article Management of Acute Renal Failure, Pre-renal azot... ...ve a symptom of anorexia, nausea, vomiting and pruritus. The amount of urine being excreted out of the body can be measured and in a person has a urine output of 400ml within one day then it is considered oliguria. A even serious micturition complication is anuria which is the complete suppression of urine in the kidney, so no urine is being made. Reference The National Kidney Foundation (2013). Acute Renal Failure. Retrieved from http//www.kidney.org/atoz/atozTopic_KidneyDisease.cfm Needham, E M.D. (2005). Management of Acute Renal Failure. Retrieved fromhttp//www.aafp.org/afp/2005/1101/p1739.html WebMD (2013). Topic overview Acute Renal Failure. Retrieved fromhttp//www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/uremic-syndrome Livestrong (2013). Acute & Chronic Renal Disease. Retrieved from http//www.livestrong.com/article/212266-acute-chronic-renal-disease/

Essay --

marine AcidificationWater is the dominating force of life it has etched, mould and determined the fate of humanity itself since the beginning of time. All living organisms are reliant on water forced to migrate or adapt at a turn of all the samets as simple as a drought. Despite pipes, wells and most other man made engineering, even humans even-tempered spend their days chasing clouds. So for once on this planet there are no arguments, no debates, as to the fact that we need water to survive. We even depend on the undrinkable oceans coating the earth that act as a shelter for tens of thousands of ecosystems, food chains, and organisms. Some of which have achieved such a shivering balance, that the loss of any creature in a food web may lead to the downfall of the planet itself. We are already well into a new geological era where human interference is the dominant factor in nearly every planetary ecosystem, to the detriment of perhaps all of them (Lynas, 49). So why exactly are h umans shifting such an important balance for the sake of excess? Were tipping the scale and might not be able to tell when the water starts to burn. oceanic acidification is a process that disrupts most of the most important biological functions and processes that all living organisms are dependent on.What is Ocean Acidification?Ocean Acidification is the act of CO2 dissolving into seawater, decreasing its alkalinity and increasing its hydrogen ion concentration making organisms sensitive to shifts in the water. Anything from temperature change to toxic waste inflicts some sort of change upon the ocean and the creatures it engulfs. As most people are aware, humans are altering the earths climate through producing nursery gas that is blanketing our atmosph... ...of coral. Zooxanthellae provides corals with their pigmentation as well as glucose and amino acids. Loss of zooxanthellae leads to bleaching, a loss of coloration and stamina within the coral that lends the organism prone to disease. expirationSomehow our oceans maintain the balance between being some of the most powerful forces on the earth, and the most easily disturbed masses on the planet. in that respect are so many things that could go wrong within the countless cycles, and the delicate processes that stabalize nature and sustain the biosphere and people are continually interfering with these cycles. Ocean acidification is one of the most obvious results of human interference upon nature. Pollution is nothing but the resources we are not harvesting. We allow them to disperse because weve been ignorant of their value. (R. Buckminster Fuller, in Memoriam).

Essay --

maritime AcidificationWater is the dominating force of life it has etched, carven and determined the fate of humanity itself since the beginning of time. All living organisms are reliant on water forced to migrate or adapt at a turn of withalts as simple as a drought. Despite pipes, wells and most other man made engineering, even humans good-tempered spend their days chasing clouds. So for once on this planet there are no arguments, no debates, as to the fact that we need water to survive. We even depend on the undrinkable oceans coating the earth that act as a shelter for tens of thousands of ecosystems, food chains, and organisms. Some of which have achieved such a unsteady balance, that the loss of any creature in a food web may lead to the downfall of the planet itself. We are already well into a new geological era where human interference is the dominant factor in nearly every planetary ecosystem, to the detriment of perhaps all of them (Lynas, 49). So why exactly are humans shifting such an important balance for the sake of excess? Were tipping the scale and might not be able to tell when the water starts to burn. maritime acidification is a process that disrupts slightly of the most important biological functions and processes that all living organisms are dependent on.What is Ocean Acidification?Ocean Acidification is the act of CO2 dissolving into seawater, decreasing its alkalinity and increasing its hydrogen ion concentration making organisms sensitive to shifts in the water. Anything from temperature change to toxic waste inflicts some sort of change upon the ocean and the creatures it engulfs. As most people are aware, humans are altering the earths climate through producing nursery gas that is blanketing our atmosph... ...of coral. Zooxanthellae provides corals with their pigmentation as well as glucose and amino acids. Loss of zooxanthellae leads to bleaching, a loss of coloration and stamina within the coral that lends the organism prone to disease. deathSomehow our oceans maintain the balance between being some of the most powerful forces on the earth, and the most easily disturbed masses on the planet. there are so many things that could go wrong within the countless cycles, and the delicate processes that stabalize nature and sustain the biosphere and people are continually interfering with these cycles. Ocean acidification is one of the most obvious results of human interference upon nature. Pollution is nothing but the resources we are not harvesting. We allow them to disperse because weve been ignorant of their value. (R. Buckminster Fuller, in Memoriam).

Film Editing and William Bell

Crabbe by William Bell ENG4C ForMr. Hawkins Due Monday December 17th 2012 I was very surprised when I began to read the refreshful Crabbe by William Bell, the theme of the book was very clear and de functionred a distinct message. We cannot draw in a port from our problems, we cannot run nor hide, for our dreams, mistakes and daily lives will always find a way to catch up to us. It was rather shocking to me how much I could relate to the novel, I once had the same mind set as the protagonist I was unhappy with whom I was, and began to believe that it was the fault of all(prenominal)one around me.Throughout this summative task, I will deliver a plot summary about the novel itself, I will reflect on what I have learned after reading Crabbe and finally I will relate the novel to a individual(prenominal) experience. Franklin Crabbe, an eight-teen year old boy lived the life everyone dreamed of, he was raised in a very wealthy household, his father universe a lawyer offered to provid e him with everything he needed to progress in life as a successful young small-arm. Franklin was intelligent, with a mind like no early(a). However, every family has their secrets. Franklin developed a drinking problem he drank Silent Sam, a Vodka baring no scent to it.Franklin seemed to be a bright young man he was supposed to attend University to become a lawyer in force(p) like his father. Throughout the years Franklins parents refused to allow him to make his own decisions. They chose his courses, they be after his future and they determined his career path for him. Franklin began to feel like he was useless, like his life had no meaning, due to the pressure he was put in by his family and those around him Franklin decided to escape the stresses of his everyday life, he decided to run away from home, to the woods and never look back.He wanted to be equitable like everyone else, he wanted to make his own decisions, he chose to run away to prove to everyone he was capable of living on his own. Upon outpouring away, Franklin encounters many challenges and adventures, which shaped the way he viewed life. Unfortunately Franklin got attacked by a bear, causing him to fall down a waterfall, luckily for him a woman named Mary relieve him from drowning. Mary, a married University student is also traveling through the woods, running away from her problems.Due to the injuries Franklin received, he spent the next few weeks in Marys care. She taught him the basics to being one with nature, she taught him how to use a compass, read a map and most importantly how to hunt. Throughout the weeks of being together, Mary taught Franklin how to successfully live on his own. With winter respectable around the corner, Mary and Franklin decide to part and go their separate ways. Franklin became very confused in the matter throughout the weeks of being with Mary he developed an endless love for her.Trying to find out more about Marys past and why she decided to run to th e woods, he started reading her journals, journals which he promised never to open. While reading, Franklin discovers that Mary murdered her husband and has a warrant for her arrest. Scared, he finds his way out of the forest. An ongoing fomite stopped and picked up Franklin, when the driver noticed how badly Franklins fingers were frozen he rushed him to the clinic as soon as possible. At the clinic Franklin finds out the doctors essential amputate his fingers otherwise his whole hand might become infected.When he was admitted into the clinic, Franklin Crabbe refused to give the doctors his real name, after the long days that followed he gave in and proclaim his identity the doctors immediately contacted his parents. Franklin was devastated to see how much pain he brought to his family, eventually he broke down and explained to his parents why he felt like running away, he admitted to being unhappy and feeling useless. Sympathetic, his parents brought him home and they avoided an y further talk about the woods. The emotional novel, Crabbe by William Bell taught me to always guinea pig my problems face on.It showed me that hiding from my fears is never the right option. In life we are constantly faced with obstacles that make us feel hopeless, where we feel like we dont have anybody and we bottle up our emotions inside, thinking that they will dissolve. There are many times you feel alone, with no one to turn to causing us to feel empty and alone. The novel taught me to never give up on myself, when facing a problem it is best to do it with someone by your side, a family member or a booster station. When life throws challenges your way, it is best to tackle them as they come instead of letting them pile up.Reading this novel I learned that on that point is always a better day, things will always be okay if you have faith in yourself. While reading a novel I began having flash backs to multiple challenges I faced, although not as extreme as those Franklin e xperienced, one stuck out to me. Earlier this year a very close friend and I got into a dispute. Neither of us knew the reason we were arguing but instead of talking and resolving our issues as friends we decided to run away from the involvement and not speak to each other.We have spent months avoiding each other, afraid of saying how we truly felt. After months of turning the other way when encountering each other in the halls I knew that we had been running away from our problems for too long. I didnt know how to properly deal with the situation so I just stopped, I stopped avoiding him and I never tried to speak to him. The problem between us isnt resolved, but after reading this novel, I might just give it another try and face my fears.William Bell is truly an exceptional writer we tore at my heart strings and made me relate the novel Crabbe to my own life. While reading the novel, I was able to learn a lot when it comes to facing my problems. As I have reached the end of my su mmative, I actually hope I was able to do the book some justice. When I began this process, I did not know where to start, but once I got into it the words just began to flow perfectly. The plot of the story taught me many valuable lessons, lessons that I will consider when encountering problems later on in life.

Case Briefs

cause1 complainant(14) VS Defendant(11) February 20th 1889 Fact Two boys were in a aforementioned(prenominal) high develop of the village of Waukesha. 11 years elderly boy kicked some other 14 years old boy which caused the boy never vulcanised the use of his limb. The former was sued by the latter for $2800. Issue whether a person who un intendedly hurt another person is apt(p) for the harm through intentional harm. Holdings the jury rendered a verdict for the plaintiff of $2800. principle the touch was the exciting or remote cause of the destruction of the bone.The case was a case of torts and it cerebrate to the assult and battery which the suspect should pay money for the plaintiff. The defendant has no proof of any other hurt, and the medical testimony seems to have been concord that this touch or kick was the exciting cause of the injury to the plaintiff. Case2 Plaintiff Ralph Edward DAVIS VS Defendant Walter Calvin WHITE ,Jr. September 10,1977 Facts White had obtai ned a gun in anticipation of shooting Tipton in an argument ,but missed and shot Davis in the stomach who was washing cars in front of his mothers hall on Fairmont Avenue in capital of Virginia ,Virginia.Issue whether an action based upon a leave aloneful and malicious injury by the debtor to another person is nondischarge fit in bankruptcy. Holdings the debt chairing from that act is nondischargeable in bankruptcy. Rationale either person is liable for the direct ,natural and probable consequence of his acts, and that every one doing an flagitious act is responsible for all of the consequential results of that act. The demo here all the way show that the shooting was a wrongful act intentionally done and Daviss injuries resulted from that act.And the debts results from that act. If one intentionally commits an assault or battery at another and by mistake strikes a third person, he is guilty of an assault and battery of the third person. Case3 Plaintiff Dan R. CULLISON vs Def endant Ernest MEDLEY February 2,1986 Fact Cullison encountered 16-year-old Sandy in a Linton, Indiana, grocery store parking lot and invited her to his home. Sandy didnt come alone ,instead father Ernest and other family members accompanied her. He was berated and felt imperil since then.Increase fear from that incident lead him to serious psychological problems and affect his normal life. Issue were the actions of threatening sufficient for reasonable tribe to apply battery. Holdings It is error for the rill lawcourt to enter summary judgment ,which core that the appellant will get another trial. Rationale Ernest kept grabbing at the pistol as if he were going to take it out, which gives Cullisons the apprehension of being shot or injured an assault constitutes a touching of the mind, if not of the body. The tort invades the plaintiffs mental peace.Case4 Plaintiff John Robert DICKENS (31) vs Defendant Earl V. PURYEAR and Ann Brewer Puryear (18) April 2ed 1975 Fact Dickens was beat into semi-consciousness and threatened to leave the state of North Carolina after lured into clownish Johnston county by defendants, husband and wife . Ann Puryear and Earl Puryear appoint four men to inflict assault on him. Dickens then filed his complaint on 31 adjoin 1978 for his physical injury and emotional distress. Issue whether a threat or attempt to show violence constitutes assault.Holdings plaintiffs call backy for injuries ,mental or physical, caused by these actions would be barred by the one-year statute of limitations. Rationale ordinarily mere words, unaccompanied by some act app atomic number 18ntly intended to exact the threat into execution, do not put the other in apprehension of an imminent bodily connexion ,and so cannot sterilize the actor liable for an assault. Case 5 Plaintiff Eckert vs Long Island R. Co. November 26 1867 Fact The deceased ,Henry Eckert, successfully saved a child near the main(prenominal) track but was stuck by the locomotive an d received such injuries as to kill himself.Eckert ,the wife ,acted as administratrix sued the Long Island R. Co. ,tending to prove that the cars were running improperly. Issue whether a person who voluntarily situation himself in danger to save a child is liable for negligence Holding principles of law cannot yield to particular case, which means the intestate is liable for negligence. Rationaleas a reasonable prudent person who has the full knowledge and apprehension of the risk incurred ,the act of saving others ,which is not a trading oblige by law ,cannot relive him from negligence.The cars were being run at a very moderate speed, not over seven or eight miles per hour, that the signals de populaced by law were given and that the child was not on the track over which the cars were passing, but on a side track near the main track. The company is not the insurer of ,or liable to those who ,of their own choice and with full notice, place themselves in the path of the train and are injured. Case 6 Plaintiff Cooley vs universal Service Co. November 29. 1935Fact During a heavy storm, several of the Public Service wires broke and fell to the ground and one of it which carried a voltage of about 1300 came into contact with the telephone messenger ,Cooley. The contact created violent agitation in the diaphragm of the receiver and a loud explosive noise. Cooley suffered from traumatic neurosis and blemish of adept on the left-hand(a) side. She claimed that it the defendants consequent traffic to maintain such devices at cross-overs as would prevent falling wires from coming into contact with a telephone wire.Issue whether the harm caused indirectly of the company is responsible for the negligence . Holding a verdict should have been directed for the defendant. Judgment for the defendant. Rationale To the extent that the duty to use electric charge depends upon relationship the defendants duty of care towards the plaintiff is obviously weaker than that tow ards the man in the street. The defendants duty cannot, in the circumstances, be to two. If that were so, performance of one duty would mean nonperformance of the other There was no least evidence to show the plaintiff suffered an electric shock.There was evidence that baskets and similar devices were used by the call back Company, some years ago, for the protection of their wires at cross-overs. Case7 Plaintiff Andrews vs Defendant United Airlines. Inc. Fact A briefcase fell from an airplanes compartment injured Billie Jean Andrews seriously. No one knows what caused the briefcase to fall. She claimed that the airline didnt prevent the foreseeable injury. Issue whether safety measure is enough and the airline is responsible for the injury.Holding summary judgment was reversed ,which means a new trial. Rationale the United has failed to do all that human care ,vigilance, and foresight reasonablely can do under all the circumstances. Case8 Roberts v. go Facts Ring was a 77 years o ld man driving south on a much traveled street in Owatonna , and he passed go past over a boy who ran into his way ,crossing the street to the west . Issue An old man was not alert enough and failed to stop his car objet dart he saw the boy, is that enough to raise an issue of his negligence.Whether a boys age should be taken into consideration when it comes to contributory negligence. Holdings The old man is responsible for negligence. Rationale the boys age should be taken into consideration . D failed to stop his car, the infirmities weighed against him. Care was required to avoid injuring other travelers. Case9 Daniels v. Evans Facts19 years old Daniel was died in a collision of his motorcycle and Evans automobile at Lebanon on August 4. 1962. Issue minor engaged in activities undertaken by adults, whether the specimen of care to minors still prevails.Holdings a minor operating a motor vehicle, whether an automobile or a motorcycle, must be judged by the same standard of care as an adult and the defendants objection to the Trial Courts charge applying a different standard to the conduct of the plaintiffs intestate was valid. Rationale when a minor engages in such activities a s the operation of an automobile or similar power in driven device, he forfeits his rights to have the reasonableness of his conduct measured by a standard commensurate with his age and I thenceforth held to the standard as all other persons.All drivers must, and have the right to expect that others using the highways , regardless of their age and experience, will, obey the traffic laws and thus exercise the adult standard of universal care. One cannot know whether the operator of an approaching automobile is a minor or an adult ,and usually cannot protect himself against youthful imprudence even if warned. Case10 Wood v. Boynton and another. Facts the plaintiff was the owner of a small stone ,which turn out to be a rough diamond and worth more than $700 ,but she tendered it to th e defendants ,who are partners in the jewelry business in December,1883 ignorantly for $1. 0. she asks to recover the possession of that uncut diamond of the alleged value of $1000. Issue whether inadequacy of price by the mistake of the vendor can still entitle her to rescind the change and so revest the title in her. Holdings There is no ground for a rescission of a sale and the circuit court affirmed the judgment. Rationale There is no evidence of fraud or warranty in that sale. It is her own mistake for selling it without raise investigation about the intrinsic value. The facts known to both parties is on equal basis, and the buyer didnt exert influence on her sale.Case11 Anderson v. Backlund Facts in the written lease, a written lease defined the tenancy of the Defendant, who was a tenant on a 640-acre farm owned by the plaintiff. In an oral agreement, the defendant agreed to buy 100 head of cattle and bring upon the farm and consume good pasture thereon ,while he purchased 7 more ,and the defendants promise on his side failed accordingly. The plaintiff want to recover the promissory note. Issue whether the oral advice can constitute a contract. Holdings The learned trial court right directing a verdict.The plaintiffs counterclaim falls. Rationale There is lack of mutual assent to the same proposition and the language is also indefinite and general as to the usual elements of a contract. The minds of the parties never net upon the essential terms. Case12 The superintendent and the trustees of public schools of the city of Trenton v. IRA Bennett and Aaron Carlisle Issue The house falls down before its completion ,solely by reason of a latent defect in the soil, and not on account of faulty construction, whether the loss falls upon the builder or the owner of the land.Facts The covenant of Everham and Hill was to build , erect, and complete the school-house upon the lot in question for the sum of $2610,the whole price was to be paid for the whole build ing and the division was into installments to aid the completion of the work. But the house falls down before completion as a result of a latent defect in the soil. Holdings it was overruled by the court, which means it is the defendants who need to shoulder the responsibility.Rationale if a party enter into an absolute contract, without any qualification or exception, and receives from the party with whom he contracts the consideration of such engagement ,he must abide by the contract, and either do the act or pay the damages. He that agrees to do an act should do it, unless absolutely impossible. He must overcome all the difficulties and do everything necessary to erect and complete the building. The destruction of the incomplete building was neither caused by a sudden tornado nor a latent softness of the soil. It can be done.The defendants doesnt do enough. ?& , What if the land belong to the government and both side are contractors? Can the contractor get the total sum of money? They cannot ,because they do not actually finish it . if so ,it is not equal, the defendant didnt get all the consideration instead they should pay for the loss caused by nature. Isnt it common sense to do some investigation on the soil before building? Case13 Vickery v, Ritchie Facts Two parties acted honestly and in good faith of their contract to complete a building on a lot. even the difference between two writings, $33721 on the plaintiffs side and $23200 on the defendants side, invalidate their express contract. The plaintiff asked to recover a eternal sleep of $10467. 16. Issue The architect delineate the fraud and lead to a mutual mistake on both sides and the failure of the contract, whether implied contract or compensation is liable when the vatic one failed Holding the plaintiff is entitled to recover the equitable value of his labor and materials. Rationale The mutual mistake in this particular left them with no express contract by which their rights and liabilitie s could be determined.The law implies an obligation to pay for what has been done and furnished under such circumstances. When the whole contract will fail . the parties may have reasonable compensation for what they have done in reliance upon it ? & they should cry on severally others shoulder as they are both victims. I am satisfied with what the judge has done. But the architect shouldnt escape. Case14 Hertzog V. Hertzog Facts the son asserted that he remained in the employment of his father until he was about forty years old and they lived together the most of the condemnation even after the son got married.The son also claims that he lent$ viosterol of his wifes money to his father. The son asked his father to pay. Issue family association involved ,whether a contract of hiring applicable when it is evident but no evidence to define the work between father and son. Holdings Judgment reversed and a new trial awarded. The plaintiff is not winning yet. Rationale There was no exp ress contract or sufficient proof to define hiring. ?& They should consider the situation. What if the son lives like parasites and annoys the heightens a lot? What if the father is cruel and treated family members as slaves?Surely such kind of evidence could be found. When the father dies ,where is his heritage ? and if the son will hesitates that, why shall he complain? Case15 Cropsey v. Sweeney Facts the plaintiff ,Eliza Ann Cropsey married throng Ridgeway on the 25th of august,1821, remarried him in the year of 1825 after throng got a divorce with his ex-wife whom he separated since 1815 and lived with him till 1847 when he passed away. At the first marriage, James was a carpenter and builder and worth about $1000. while ,at the time of his death ,it is more than$150000.Both of James descendants claimed the whole of his estate. Later, the plaintiff demanded judgment for $40000. However the defendant demurred that the complaint does not constitute any cause of action. The defen dant appealed to the general term. Issue whether she should be paid for the work she did if she is not a well-grounded wife. Holdings the arrangement of the special term overruling the demurrer must be reversed and the plaintiff losses. Rationale there is no express promise pretended in the complaint. The plaintiff was standing in the suppose relation of wife and the her marriage is not valid.Her own story of devoted faithful love and services as a wife and mother cannot permit us to say that she is legally entitled to receive pay for those services as a servant. Q& stupid law. How could they make such things happen and happen again? Isnt there a policy to permit or prevent illegal marriage or make it legal ? The so called law cannot give her justice because it cannot get out of this dilemmashe is a wife, yes, but it is not legal, so she failed. She is servant ,no ,because she is a supposed wife, she failed the complaint again. The first marriage is done ,why she is still not an lawful wife?Rings, children ,cant they served as evidence to constitute implied contract or something? Case16 Shaw v. Shaw and another. Facts The plaintiff ,then Mrs, Moseley , accepted Percy John Shaw s proposal and married him on December 10 ,1938. For 14 years they lived as husband and wife at Cannock, during which time the plaintiff advanced to Shaw in varying sums about 250pounds to buy stock, to assist him in acquiring land ,and to pay for agricultural machinery. When Percy died intestate , her distribution of assets was slow because Percy s lawful wife was still alive.In 1939 the plaintiff by her reply alleged fraud. Since the alleged promise was unenforceable ,she appealed. Issue The promisor is not able to go through a lawful marriage and only he knows the fact, whether a breach of promise can apply. Holdings she is entitled to get a fair sum of 1000pounds as damages. Rationale The plaintiff did not know that the defendant was married ,and did not know that his promise mig ht be contrary to public policy. The promisor knew the facts but promised that he is a widower. In that marriage, the plaintiff used her savings for his affairs and served as a wife for 14 years.Q& How much would he pay a call girl for one night? How could a wifes damages be valued? What is immoral or unlawful? Case17 Noble et al . v. Williams et al. Facts the plaintiffs were hired to teach the public school in Jackson, ky ,for the fall term of 1908. The school failed to pay the rent and buy supplies. In order to conduct the teaching ,the teachers paid. They want to recover the rent. Issue whether they voluntarily paid the rent which is not included in the teaching contract could still recover that money? Holdings judgment affirmed ,the plaintiffs failRationale the school abide by the teaching contract . The teachers voluntarily paid an obligationn which was not theirs . ?& maybe the Judgment is right. But it encourages people to mind their own businesses in the future. Case18 Somm ers v. Putnam county board of facts of life et al. Facts Plaintiff ,father of 4 minor children of compulsory school age and taxpayer of Riley township ,Putnam county, Ohio filed a petition in the court of common pleas of Putnam county, praying for a money($397)judgment against the Putnam county board of education and the township board of education . he petition avers that ,by reason of the failure ,neglect, and refusal of said defendants in error, and each of them, to provide high school work within 4 miles of his residence, or to transport his 4 children to high school, or to provide and furnish board and trapping for his children ,the plaintiff was compelled to and did transport his 4 children to and from his residence to said high school for some days.Issue whether the quasi contract apply and therefore is entitled to compensation when the parent perform an act of beneficial intervention in the discharge of the school boards legal obligation to provide transportation or access for children to high school ? Holding the demurrer will be overruled and plaintiff is entitled to receive a money reimbursement. Rationale in the syllabus, if a board of education in a district fails to provide sufficient school privileges for all the youth of school age in the district ,a mandatory duty rests upon the county board of education to provide same access to children . As the performance of that duty by parent is beneficial to school boards who failed to do that ,the parent is entitled to compensation. The fact that ,at a little different stage in proceedings, mandamus would lie is no answer to the argument of the plaintiff here that, when he has expended money, time, and effort in do a duty enjoined by statute upon the boards ,he can receive a money reimbursement.

Component of Financial Statement

16th January 2012 34 Mansion road Granchestor meadows Oxford Ox1 6ds Dear Mr Han , I am writing this letter to explain to you the comp unrivallednt of your mo lollyary statement, this includes the Balance sheet at 31st of March 2011 and the profit and loss forecast for the year ended in 31st of March 2011 , hope you open a b etter understanding aft(prenominal) reading my letter. The dinero and Loss account shows whether your personal line of credit has made profit or loss , over your monetary year.This also shows how much sales youve made and how much loss, it helps you make decisions in the future and improve on your art. You whitethorn also view whether you made Profit or loss weekly, monthly but usually it is shows yearly. Revenue Expenditure is the bullion you spend on items on a day to day basis. This may vary depending on the Business type. Some examples of what may be included is, Premises costs, staff costs, purchase stock. These are the Revenue expenditure from your account.Rents and Rates ? 6,000 honorarium and salaries ? 3,920 Advertising ? 1,500 Telephone and postage ? 190 Revenue income is the money coming into the chore from performing its daily tasks these also vary on the type of business owned. Some of the examples of revenue income within a business are sales, commission received and also rent received. The revenue incomes from your account are Sales at a cost of ? 63,850. Balance sheet this is a businesses net worth at a particular point.Balance sheet also shows the value of a business as it states what the business owns also known as assets and also known as liabilities. not bad(p) Income is the money that is invested into the business by its owners and all other investors. The money is usually to set up the business, have equipment. It is usually equipment that will stay and be used in the business for a longer period of snip an example may be Premises. The capital income of your account is a capital of ? 16,000.Capital ex penditure These are used to buy capital assets that stay in the business for a long period of time some examples may be , Buildings, Machinery ,Office , Furniture and fittings. Here is the capital expenditure from your Accounts . Equipment ? 13,175 push Vehicles ? 2,400 The profit and loss account calculates the amount of profit that is left after the cost of producing goods and service it is then deducted from the amount of sales revenue, this is metrical by sales revenue take aside costs of goods that have been sold.Cost of sales is the value of stock that is used to generate the sales, the calculation for costs of goods sold is Opening stock plus purchases take outdoor(a) closing stock. Net profit is the money left after all the other expenses have been deducted from the gross profit and also any other income that has been added on, this is calculated by adding the Gross Profit to expenses. Fixed assets are the items that a business owns and that will stay for a long period of time , you may invite this on a business balance sheet that will include Buildings, Machinery ,Office , Furniture and fittings.These assets lose their value over a period of time, meaning that after every year the value in the balance sheet is reduced to give affair value of the asset. The fixed assets from your account are Equipment and also Motor Vehicles. Current assets ,are the items of value that are owned by a business whose value is likely to rise and fall irregularly in number or amount on a regular basis ,this also occurs every time the business makes a transaction. Current assets include Stock ? 7,400 Debtors ? 150 bullion in the bank ? 560 Cash in hand ? 250Current liabilities Is what is owned by a business and it should be paid back in less than one year of time the examples are creditors and also overdrafts. The current liabilities from your account are Creditors at ? -1610. Net assets This shows the total value of the entire assets take away the value of the liabilities. Net assets are calculated by Current assets plus fixed assets take away (current liabilities long term liabilities) the total of your net assets are ? 12,325. Capital employed This represents the capital investment necessary for a business to function.Consequently, it is not a measure of assets, but of capital investment stock or shares and long liabilities. Its the initial capital invested in the business calculated by profit and opening capital being added minus drawings. Capital employed and net assets always have the same /equal answers. After the explanation of showing the purpose of Profit and loss account, explaining and giving calculations and examples I hope it helped you understand, if any questions beguile contact Yours sincerely.

Problems on the Supermarket Area

1. INTRODUCTION One of the main reasons research into customer complaints is key is because of competition (Van Horne & Wachowicz, 2000). All Hypermarkets become highly competitive in terms of taking the customers. Hypermarkets which do non get feedback from their customers ab come out their improvement run the risk of losing them. In addition, if the Hypermarket does not look into this ara seriously, the Hypermarket will not have the acquaintance to make the necessary changes to their service.To agree the good reputation for the Hypermarket and the get acrosss amongst the supplier and the Hypermarket, there is a need to investigate and solve the way out of droll sagaciousness in quick- set beloveds sold in the Hypermarket in order to prevent such situation from happening again. Hence, this physical composition will firstly describe the issue that occurs in the Hypermarket, which is the frosty lamb break peculiar taste afterward cooking.Then, the get across will discuss quartet viable line of works that come about to the situation which argon failure to follow the criteria given for all product delivered, low quality product, improper checking when receiving the product and poor management of the straining transshipment center. Besides discussing about the viable chores this report also will provide three solutions and recommendations to prevent this situation from occuring again which atomic number 18 discussion, send staffs for training and courses in discourse the stock and service the stock storage. 2. 0 STATEMENT OF PROBLEMIn the third week of September, 2011, the Hypermarket has received more than five customers complaints regarding the fixed lamb sold in the Hypermarket. Most of the nippy lamb produced peculiar taste after being cooked. As a result, the customers who bought the frozen lamb and ate them complained that they suffered stomach ache and diarrhea. Looking at these complaints, the Hypermarket feels that this issue should be looked at seriously as it might cause cast out consequences to the Hypermarket such as loosing more customers and decreasing in sales.As such, the Hypermarket believes that in depth investigation and fundamental report should be given to the Branch Manager so that this situation would be prevented. 3. FACTORS THAT LEAD TO THE PROBLEM 1. Failure to Follow the Criteria Given for Every carrefour Based on the customers complaints and discussion among the staffs, star of the possible factors that lead to the peculiar taste of the frozen lamb is failure to follow the criterias given by the Hypermarket. For both order made by the Hypermarket, there will be a list of criterias that should be followed by the supplier.These criterias ar significantly authorized and ought to be followed because it has considered every(prenominal)(prenominal) aspect when choosing a product (Rao, 1989). For instance, when the Hypermarket requests for frozen meat particularly frozen lamb , the supplier has been given several criterias that should be obeyed to. Some of the criterias atomic number 18 the frozen lamb should be safe to be cooked and kept in the freezer, for example. This is to ensure that the frozen lamb are safe to be used, produce good taste mend cooking, and will not lead to unhealthy diseases such as diarrhea and stomach ache.Since the complaints are focusing on the peculiar taste, this shows that the supplier has failed to meet the requirements needed. The frozen lamb has produced peculiar taste and resulted negative consequences to the customers. Basically, the Hypermarket believes that the problem aroused is due to the suppliers failure to ensure that the frozen lamb has meet the requirements. Moreover, following these requirements are one of the major issues that has been focused when choosing the supplier.Thus, strict actions and improvements should be made on this area, so that this issue would not happen in future. 2. Low Quality Product b y from failure to follow the criterias given, another factor that might contribute to the problem is the low level of quality product. According to Deloof and Jeggers (1996), quality can be specify a state of being free from defects, deficiencies and significant variations, brought about by the strict and consistent adherence to measurable and verifiable mendings to achieve uniformity of takings that satisfies specific customer or user requirements.This means that having a good quality product provides a confirmation to customers that the product they buy are thoroughly measured, built and produced. It is primal to have a good quality product this will retain customers on buying that particular product because they trust the product. In relation with the problem faced byt the Hypermarket, the frozen lamb supplied by the branch might be considered as low quality product as it produces peculiar taste. This might due to the condition of the lamb itself, and how it is being run b y the staffs.Furthermore, the lamb might be received in unfresh condition, or it has been taken from punic sources. Therefore, this report is to ensure that the branch will reevaluate the supplier of the lamb, so that this situation could be prevented in future. Besides, having low quality product will addition company expenses, as customers will keep on returning the product that they bought (Long, Malitz & Abraham, 1993). Consequently, there will be another process of reevaluating the product which demand greet and time.This will somehow decrease the sales of the product and increase the budget for that particular product which in this case, the frozen lamb. Hence, a thorough evaluation on where the lamb is taken from should be done to ensure the good quality of the frozen lamb that being sent to the Hypermarket. 3. Improper Product Checking when Receiving and Delivering The third possible factor that leads to the peculiar taste of the frozen lamb is improper product checking d uring receiving and delivering. It is off paramount importance for the sender and receiver to check on every product when they arrive at the storage place.This stage is known as internal control where before we deliver the product to our branch or rat it in front of the customers, there is a need to check on every single product receive (Deloof & Jeggers, 1996). This is to ensure that every product is in their best condition. Sometimes the product might be over- looked from the outside. However, due to the delivery service the product might be damaged or having defects. Hence, it is very important to check on the product entirely so that these possible situation would not happen.In conjunction with the problem of hampering the frozen lamb, some of the issues regarding improper product checking are the branch and the hypermarket might not do proper checking when sending and receiving the frozen lamb. The branch should do thorough checking of the frozen lamb when receiving from the s upplier before the frozen lamb are sent to the Hypermarket. Many external factors should be looked at while delivering the frozen lamb to the Hypermarket because by dint of out this period there are numerous possibilities for the lamb to be defected.For example, some of the frozen lambs might probably fall out of the storage in the lorry, and this has affecting the lamb as salubrious as the taste of the lamb when cooking. Thus, whenever a product is received, there is a need to check each of the product condition, so that we could avoid any negative experiences with the customer. 4. Poor Management of the Stock Storage The fourth possible factors that contribute to the problem occured in the Hypermarket would be poor management of the stock storage.Basically, There are five principles of stock storage that should be followed which are labelling, position, rotation, humidity and temperature (Doyle, Beauchat & Montville, 1997). For each product that being kept in the storage, it es sential follow closely this principles base on what type are they (Pitt & Hocking, 1997). For instance, the raw materials and ingredients stored in establishment shall be kept in appropriate conditions, as to prevent harmful deterioration and to cherish them from contamination. In addition, items such as cleaning chemicals, other chemicals, and insect and rodent poisons in separate areas to food and food furtherance.There are two types of storage which are dry goods and chilled storage that could cater to frozen and dried products (Palmer, 1983). Knowing these principles of stock storage and the appropriate way of handling the storage, it shows that there could be some mishandling cases that lead to the peculiar taste of the frozen lamb. The staffs might not securely and completely wrapped all the frozen lamb in refrigerators and freezers. In addition, the workers might not use accurate trays or containers while keeping the frozen lamb.Regenstein & Regenstein (1979) revealed that it is important to wrap all the frozen lambs in order to prevent cross-contamination and to maintain quality. Besides, the trays or containers should have enough space for liquid from defrosting items, or blood, from the lamb. Instead of the stock storage, the stock rotation of in the stock storage should be looked at as well. A suitable system of stock rotation should be applied to make sure older foods are used first to avoid spoilage. This applies to chilled and frozen foods as well as other products (Regenstein & Regenstein, 2000).For example, foods with an expired use by date, which you are returning to the supplier for credit, should be clearly marked to show they are not intended for sale or place them in a clearly marked container. In relation to the frozen lamb case in the Hypermarket, these principles might be overlooked and caused peculiar taste. The frozen lamb might be expired or not being kept securely in the chilled storage. As stock management is the utmost possible reason that leads to the peculiar teaste of the frozen lamb, strict actions should be given in this area so that this problem would not be happening again. . SOLUTIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO SOLVE THE PROBLEM 1. Discussion Apart from seeking for the possible factors that lead to the peculiar taste of the frozen lamb, the purpose of this report is also to suggest ways to improve and overcome this situation. The first strategy that should be taken to address the issue is by having a discussion between the supplier, the branch manager and the store manager. The discussion is effective to be conducted, as it involves a process of exchanging the ideas and opinions.The involved parties could brainstorm and become more aware of the problem (Richard & Laughlin, 1980). Furthermore, it shows that through discussion allows every side to solve the problem and able to implement the strategies to overcome the problem. Besides, the discussion would be a form of verbal precedent to the supplier a nd other branches that this situation should not happen again in future. In case it happens, everybody would be aware of the other consequences such as the cancellation of the deal where the Hypermarket could request to change to a new supplier. . Training and Courses for Staffs Secondly, after having in depth discussion in investigating the issue of the peculiar taste of the frozen lamb, there must be other follow up solutions that need to be done in order to prevent this situation from happening again. It is important to ensure that every staff in this area are well informed about the job scope (Maher & Graves, 2007). Every staff ought to attend a training and courses before being employed. The training and courses are designed to enhance the quality of every staffs service.For example, every staff needs to get a line analytically on how to run dry goods and frozen products. The staffs should be aware that the stocks that will be expired in a short time should be marked clearly. This is to avoid the products from being arranged and displayed in the shelves. Furthermore, the staffs should aware that expired or nearly expired product will cause negative consequences to the customer if they happen to buy them. In the case of frozen lamb in the Hypermarket, one of the possible reasons that lead to the problem is perhaps the lamb has reached the expiry date.The selected staffs must know how to manage and arrange frozen foods such as lamb in order to retain the quality of frozen lamb in the Hypermarket. This proves that through training and courses the management of the every product sold in the Hypermarket could be enhanced tremendously. These types of training and courses are also valuable in maintaning the quality of every staffs service. Apart from merely learning how to handle the product in practical, there is a strong need to provide sufficient notional input of it to every staff. Hence, it would be beneficial to conduct a test at the end of the training and courses.The purpose of the test is to set a standard (Hind, Moss & McKellan, 2007) before the Hypermarket employ somebody into the field. Therefore, every staff have to pass the test and this will somehow maintain the quality service offered by the Hypermarket. Consequently, such situation like having frozen lamb with peculiar taste could be prevented from happening again. 3. Service the Stock Storage Regularly Finally, one of the utmost important ways to solve the problem regarding the peculiar taste of frozen lamb in the Hypermarket is servicing the stock storage regularly.It is known that stock storage is a place where all the products are being kept (Palmer, 1983). The importance of having storage is to ensure the availability of the products. In the storage, all products are being storaged according to the type of food whether they are dry goods or chilled foods. In addition, the shelf life and date codes of items can be determined based on the correct storage conditions, i ncluding temperatures and labels (Doyle, Beauchat & Montville, 1997).For instance, food with a short shelf life in which food poisoning organisms can grow such as frozen foods are designate with a USE BY date (Pitt & Hocking, 1997). It is an offence to have on display, or sell, food after the use by date has expired, even if it appears to lock in be fit to eat. These are some of the rules that should be followed in the stock storage. To ensure that the storage is safe for every product to be kept therefore, regular servicing should be done.Regular servicing is to prevent defects and deficiencis of the products such as cockroach bites at the edge of the packaging or for chilled food, there will be bacterium in the food due to inappropriate temperature (Regeinstein & Regenstein, 2000). Doyle, Beauchat and Montville (1997) also suggested that the storage should be serviced at least once a month in order to maintain the cleanliness of the storage and safety of the products. Instead o f servicing the storage as a whole, the place where we keep frozen foods is most important to be serviced monthly.This is due to the condition of the food like frozen foods tend to produce excessive water and smell due to their type of food. For example, frozen lamb will definitely produce blood and water but in frozen condition. These excessive waste will stay in the storage even we have taken out the food from the place. So, to clean up the storage twice a month is appropriate in order to avoid contamination from happening to the frozen food. Besides, packaging and wrapping materials and catering disposables to be used for food should also be kept in clean, dry, pest and contamination free stores (Pitt & Hocking, 1997).Thus, in relation to the frozen lamb in the Hypermarket, regardless of the supplier, the branch manager and the hypermarket, the stock storage in every place should be serviced regularly to prevent contamination. As a result, any incident like peculiar taste from th e frozen lamb could be avoided from happening again in future. 5. CONCLUSION In summary, this report has elucidate three main areas that should be looked at in order to solve the issue of peculiar taste for the frozen lamb in the Hypermarket which are problem, factors and solutions.The report has identified that the peculiar taste produced by the frozen lamb result several consequences to the Hypermarket. Some of them are the customers suffer diarrhea and stomach ache after eating the lamb and several complaints about similar issue have received. The Hypermarket believes that this issue should be investigated in order to retain customers. There are four factors that have been identified which are failure to follow the criteria given for every product delivered, low quality product, improper checking when receiving the product and poor management of the stock storage.Thus, to solve this situation as well as address these factors, this report has come out with three solutions which a re discussion, send staffs for training and courses in handling the stock and service the stock storage. It is hoped that this report will be beneficial to all parties especially the Hypermarket in addressing the issue of peculiar taste produced by the frozen lamb. To ensure the success of a business, everybody should play a big role in making that happen. (2780 words)

Analytical Examination Essay

This paper allow for analyze intimately the RA 10354 also called Responsible Parenthood and productive wellness Act of 2012. This essay will face a short history of the natural law here in the Philippines until it become enacted and implemented. This will discuss the major provisions of the law together with its important content ranging from health kick to contraception. This will also discuss the issues that are connected to this law while it was a scorecardet such as maternal wipeout, premature pregnancy, premarital sex, poverty and population and reproductive health education.Issues concerned with legislation of the bill such as the necessity and morality of the bill and its contents similar contraception and reproductive health education will be especially presented. Other news which may use up affected the support for the bill will be also presented and analyzed. This will also present the major groups that approve or oppose the said law together with their reasons why they want or are against the said law. This will also talk about the actions those groups have taken for or against the law which may have affected the support for the bills implementation.This is also concerned with the voices of certain world organizations such as UNESCO and WHO on reproductive health education and the stand of the Church on the result about contraception, self-continence and marriage. This will be concerned about their statement about the matter and the doctrines and values they adhere with. Summary Since its first proposition on 1988, the Reproductive Health vizor experienced many debates if it was really needed here in the Philippines.The proposition was changed and improved by a number of proponents many times but was mostly neglected. Then, a similar bill was also introduced in the first regular session of the 14th Congress by Albay Rep. Edcel C. Lagman, Jannette L. Garin, Narciso D. Santiago III, arrest Llandro Mendoza, Ana Theresia Hontiveros-Baraqu el and Elandro Jesus F. Madrona that was known as House Bill 5043. Like that of the former bills, it was also disposed but its proponents never stop to improve, change and accept some parts of the former bill to create a new one.Many times Albay Rep. Edcel Lagman and its principal authors would edit the bill until the Reproductive Bill of 2012 was formed. Senator pia Cayetano was also a principal sponsor of such bill. Upon December 19, 2012, the Senate enacted the bill and on December 21, 2012, four days before Christmas His Presidency, Benigno Aquino III signed the bill and was to be implemented fifteen days after its official unrestrictedation. The law was known as RA 10354 or Responsible Parenthood and Reproductive Health Act of 2012.Its major provisions are to promote and have rag to reproductive health care and methods that are legal and safe, to promote family planning methods and prudent parenthood, to counsel women who committed abortion in a humane way, to mandate repro ductive health education in age appropriateness to students, to supply and introduce reproductive health services to all, to protect reproductive health rights and to penalize those who restricts or prohibits the access to reproductive health care and methods stated in this law. The law mandates the hire of skilled health professionals for maternal health care and birth attendance, seen in Sec.5. It also promotes the upgrade of health care facilities for obstetric and newborn care as stated in Sec. 6 and to access for family planning methods especially to the poor and marginalized couple and to sexually active minors as said in Sec. 7. The law also states that hormonal contraceptives, intrauterine devices, injectables and other safe, legal, non-abortifacient and effective family planning products and supplies(RA 10354, Sec. 9) should be treated in the Essential Drugs List after subjection to good medical associations.It also mandates the procurement and distributions of family-pla nning supplies and age appropriate reproductive health education, stated in Sec. 10 and 14 respectively. And exsertly, to condemn any who shall prohibit the access to health care and family-planning supplies. Since its first introduction by Albay Rep. Edcel Lagman, this law had reaped many opposition and approval before being enacted. The pro-woman groups fought for saving the lives of woman from maternal death on the other hand the Church and other pro- support groups fought for dignity of the unborn and the sanctity of marriage.The senate itself was divided for selecting to if they will oppose or approve the bill. The source President and Pampanga Rep. Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo was known to opposed the bill and be backed upon by the Church meanwhile President Benigno Aquino III shown agreement towards the bill and expected its implementation. The pronouncement of Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI to condoms also became news if the Church was open to contraception. This gave new hope for Edcel Lagman from acceptance of the Church but Paranaque Rep.Roilo Golez explained that the Pope negotiation about health, that preventing HIV from spreading is showing compassion but the Pope doesnt said to use condoms to prevent pregnancy. Issues also attract the said bill. First, is about the legislation of the bill, if it was really relevant here in the country with regards to overpopulation, Availability/Provisions for RH information and healthcare for mothers and children. Another issue is if the RH Bill is moral, if the Church must interfere with the State and if the government is willing to give funds to the bill.Third, is about the consequence of a widespread of contraceptives with regards to health and sexual behavior. The last is concerned in the need of sex education in the country. The CBCP together with the national Church felt that it was time to educate again its faithful and do efforts on counteracting the bill. The Church turned offering masses, praying for the e nlightenment of congressmen and women and explained that principles of the bill undermine the sanctity of life and marriage. They stated that overpopulation was not the problem but corruption and the unbalanced distribution of people.They seek to get online, and used CBCP for Life for addressing the matter and let the Simbang Gabi 2012 be used for educating the faithful. They also made catechisms with themes regarding the RH. Meanwhile, pro-woman and pro-RH group also organize plans for the bill. They have tied violet ribbons on their arm signifying their fight against HIV-AIDS. Informed people about gender inequality, maternal deaths, teenage pregnancy and HIV-AIDS and that the bill would help slander or eliminate such problems.UNESCO and WHO also promotes the education of youths regarding reproductive health. They state that benefits such as a delay in sexual initiation reduction of unwanted pregnancies, child abuse and abortion and a slower spread of HIV could be obtained. It can also induce progress to gender equity, complaisant participation and partnership. It prepares the youths for responsibility as adults, emphasizes health promotion and can improve relevance in education systems. Meanwhile, the Catholic Church holds its deposit of faith bear on on Divine Love and Unity in Marriage.Its Catechism says that Marriage is by which a man and a woman establish intimate communion for life which is ordered for the good of the spouse and the procreation and education of children,(1660, Catechism of the Catholic Church). It also states that the total reciprocal self- self-aggrandizing is overlaid through contraception for it is a refusal for the total giving of self through taking away openness to life,( 2370,Catechism of the Catholic Church). It states that even intercourse with a legitimate wife but taking away the effect to generate life is contrary to Gods will and leaves guilt of a grave sin,(55-56, Casti Connubii).The Church also teaches the virtue o f chastity, that the couple must make conjugal love and fidelity and that of safeguarding life form the moment of conception, (51, Gaudium et Spes). She teaches that Marriage can never justify sexual intercourse which is contraceptive which oppose to its neat meaning and that artificial methods could lead to marital infidelity and lowering moral standards, reduction of woman as mere object of satisfaction and intervening of public authorities to the most personal and intimate responsibilities of couples, (14,17 Humanae Vitae).It also addresses the value of self-discipline to repel inordinate self-interests and to control the passions of the body,(21, Humanae Vitae). References Software Ecumenical Council of Vatican II. Catechism of the Catholic Church. Retrieved from CATECH01. exe Websites and Webpages Anonymous. (2012, December 21). democracy Act 10354. Retrieved from http//pcw. gov. ph/sites/default/files/documents/laws/republic_act_10354. pdf Burgonio, T. (2010, November 21). Popes pronouncement on condoms strengthens RH Bill Lagman. Retrieved from http//newsinfo. inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20101121-304495/Popes-pronouncement-on-condoms-strengthens-RH-billLagman Dionisio, E. R. (2012, August 8). A sentry to Arguments for and against the Reproductive Health Bill. Retrieved from http//www. adnu. edu. ph/images/A%20Guide%20to%20Arguments %20For%20and%20Against%20the%20Reproductive%20Health%20Bill. pdf Ecumenical Council of Vatican II. Gaudium et Spes. Retrieved from http//www. vatican. va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_cons_19651207_gaudium-et-spes_en. html Paul VI. Humanae Vitae.Retrieved from http//www. vatican. va/holy_father/paul_vi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_25071968_humanae-vitae_en. html Pius XI. Casti Connubii. Retrieved from http//www. vatican. va/holy_father/pius_xi/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_31121930_casti-connubii_en. html Sun. star. Church RH Bill. Retrieved from http//www. sunstar. com. ph/ davao/weekend/church-rh-bill Saclag, D. E. D. free radical asks SC to lift suspension of RH Law. Retrieved from http//www. bworldonline. com/content. php? section=Nation&title=Group-asks-SC-to-lift-suspension-of-RH-Law&id=71130 Unknown.(2012, August 14). Reproductive Health Bill, Good or Bad. Retrieved from http//behealthconsciousblog. wordpress. com/2012/08/14/reproductive-health-bill-good-or-bad/ Unknown. (2012, December 29). majority rule Act 10354, Reproductive Health Act of 2012. Retrieved from http//filipinoscribe. com/2012/12/29/republic-act-10354-reproductive-health-act-of-2012/ Unknown. House Bill no. 5043, Reproductive Health and Population Development Act of 2008. Retrieved from http//jlp-law. com/blog/full-text-of-house-bill-no-5043-reproductive-health-and-population-development-act-of-2008/Villegas, B. M. et al. (2012, September 12) Handbook of Truths on RH Bill. Retrieved from http//cbcpforlife. com/? p=8859 Villegas, S. B. (2012, December 15). 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Emerging Logistics Strategy Essay

The purpose of this paper is to identify and describe the emerge avocation logistics strategies which brace emerged in the grocery store place over the last few decades and entrust remain dominant well into the better half of twenty first century. Analysis through this execution leave alone argue that the two strategic concepts, namely wholeow chain integration and make pass age compression, represent distinctly different til now complemental access codees to corporate logistics which form the frameworks around which hundreds of firms atomic bod 18 building winning logistics system.INTRODUCTIONLogistics system is the science of evaluating the most salute in effect(p) methodology of distri stilling goods to mart era achieving run level objectives. It is important for companies to recognize that logistics strategy suffer be product-specific, guest-specific, and location-specific and that add together chains for for each one industry argon dynamic and evolving . It is always a ch all(prenominal)enge for logistics strategy planners to set out a series of logistics strategies for different clients, integrating manpower, facilities and workflow in the logistics strategies together to compromise with other clients logistics strategies.The choice of an appropriate and effective logistics strategy mustinessiness be guided by the objectives of the firm as well as by its capabilities and resources. In addition, the development of triple-crown logistics strategy must recognize and deal with important factors and conditions in the firms external championship environs. The environment of logistics has changed greatly beca intention of global integration and the gradual shortening of life calendar methods of products. For that yard a brief overview of what argon, perhaps, the most signifi female genitalst of these factors in the business environment bid increasing globalization, mergers and acquisitions, d possesssizing, saucy IT systems e tc. are in like manner discussed.In this paper, contemporary logistics strategy and evolution of uphill strategies like SCM and Cycle sequence reduction go away be explained. Implementation issues and other challenges like reaping the bene insures of IT,choosing a trade-off among complementary strategies integration issues etc. are e brayately discussed.This paper will mostly discuss the logistics strategy which the companies are adopting to succeed in the acclivitous trades like India, chinaware etc. rising grocery stores are becoming hot destinations for carrying out business mainly because of access to low address labors and material. However at the corresponding time how the firm mitigates the risk associated with doing business in foreign territory and how it manages the associated monetary value of transportation will as well as be discussed. Logistics schema and its importanceWhen a go with creates a logistics strategy it is defining the service levels at whic h its logistics organization is at its most court effective. Because go forth chains are constantly ever-changing and evolving, a company may develop a name of logistics strategies for specific product lines, specific countries or specific customers. The supply chain constantly changes and that will affect any logistics organization. To adapt to the flexibility of the supply chain, companies should develop and implement a formal logistics strategy. This will allow a company to identify the uphold of imminent changes and pay off organizational or routineal changes to ensure service levels are non trimd. Parameters Involved in Developing a Logistic StrategyA company skunk start to develop a logistics strategy by relishing at four distinct levels of their logistics organization. * Strategic By examining the companys objectives and strategic supply chain decisions, the logistics strategy should review how the logistics organization makes to those high-level objectives. * Struc tural The logistics strategy should examine the structural issues of the logistics organization, such as the scoop out number of warehouses and dissemination centers or what products should be produced at a specific manufacturing plant.* Functional Any strategy should review how each separate function in the logistics organization is to achieve functional excellence. * Implementation The ap confidential information to developing a successful logistics strategy is how it is to be implemented across the organization. The plan for implementation will include development or configuration of an randomness system, introductionof new policies and procedures and the development of a change instruction plan.Components to Examine when Developing a Logistics StrategyWhen examining the four levels of logistics organization, all subdivisions of the doing should be examined to ascertain whether any potential greet benefits can be achieved. There are different component areas for each com pany but the list should at least include the following * Transportation Does the current transportation strategies suffice service levels? * Outsourcing What outsourcing is used in the logistics function? Would a partnership with a third party logistics company improve service levels? * Logistics Systems Do the current logistics systems provide the level of entropy that is inevitable to successfully implement a logistics strategy or are new systems required?* Competitors polish what the competitors offer. Can changes to the companys customer service improve service levels? * Information Is the information that drives the logistics organization real-time and accurate? If the selective information is inaccurate then the decisions that are made will be in error. * Strategy Review Are the objectives of the logistics organization in line with company objectives and strategies. A successfully implemented logistics strategy is important for companies who are dedicated to keeping servi ce levels at the highest levels possible despite changes that occur in the supply chain.Current logistics operating(a) environmentSince 1990s, the environment of logistics has changed greatly because of global integration and the gradual shortening of lifecycles of products. The stylus of take in enterprises has changed from the traditional mass production mode led by products into the mass customization production mode to facilitate increasing global market competition. Srinivasa (2001) pointed out tercet main reasons of such revolution.1. Change of manufacturing strategyIn the aside, logistics was recognized as a distinct function with the rise of mass production systems. Since 1990s, the Japanese philosophy of distributed manufacturing and lean manufacturing has be get into the key technique which is widely adopted around the world. Consequently, the logistics operation isforced to change in order to fit such new Japanese manufacturing strategy. As a whole, logistics has beco me an extremely complicated appendage in which expert knowledge is required.2. Change of customer subscribeBusiness environment as a whole is becoming extremely volatile. As product life cycle becomes shorter, manufacturers can no longer touch on their products follow up the supply chain easily. On the contrary, it is the consumer who pulls the products along this supply chain. Price and quality are no longer sufficient to thrive in this market. As speed to market and flexibility of the supply chain become the winning criteria, logistics steering has grown much to a greater extent complex in order to accomplish these conditions simultaneously.3. GlobalizationAs enterprises dilate their markets beyond national boundaries, the submit for much sophisticated operate like multi-modal transport and international trade rules compliance extends. Hence, design of logistics operation is essential in order to achieve greater efficiency and effectiveness on these issues. These issue s revealed the complexity of logistics care in that traditional logistics operation which includes swelled quantity of stock retentiveness and diffusion can non fulfill the real time, flexibility logistics service remove among the supply chain parties. Moreover, since logistics engagement has became much complex, it takes time to make critically decision in resource allocation and work task ar avowment accurately. In the current dynamic scenario where business landscape has changed a stage set and more and more business are becoming customer centric firms collect realized that to remain competitive they urgency to consider logistics as a part of their strategy and not just another function. Companies have gained significant advantages over their competitors by snaping and crafting a logistics strategy which suits their requirement. However, in that location is no stock-still Logistics strategy solution in place for any type of industry.It depends on and varies from the type of goods, nature of industry, the market it serves etc. Below are any(prenominal) of the questions that a firms logistics strategy must address. Fast / Slow -A company logistics strategy must handle fast moving products differently from slow and speciality moving products inwardly their owndistribution center(s) and within their distribution network. It is to be seen is it economically beneficial to set up regional fast facilities and a alter slow facility? DSD / Non-stock A company must have a clear bring ining of all of the cost components and lost profit opportunities for products that are deemed get up store Delivery or non-stock items. There has to be a logistics strategy in place that clearly delineates when an item should be inventoried.Third Party run -Does your company need to own and/or operate its own distribution facilities or is it more effective to have third party logistics suppliers manage or so or all aspects of your logistics functions? What are the economical, service and other considerations your company needs to consider before taking these steps? Hub and Spoke -Are thither economical cost of goods advantages to sourcing products into a centralized distribution center that subsequently distributes to regional facilities or branches through a hub and spoke distribution network? Inbound Logistics -Are there opportunities to cast down your landed cost of goods through improved inbound logistics strategy including load consolidation, reduced handling, backhauls, etc.?Outbound Logistics-Are there opportunities to reduce your outbound transportation cost through improved private fleet routing? Through improved carrier rate shopping, through load consolidation opportunities, etc.? Facility Consolidation-Is your company operating too many distribution centers that are underutilized? What are the economical benefits and service impacts of closing one or more of your distribution points? Inventory reduction-Is your company carrying t he effective assortment and memorial levels to achieve service level objectives?To minimize inventory assets, to minimize storage and handling be? Supply Chain-Are there opportunities to work with your art partners to reduce supply chain complexities and improve service levels for specific products / vendor product lines? Are there internal supply chain policies that hinder efficient trading operations? Global Logistics-Are there opportunities to improve global logistics to reduce inventory levels in the supply chain? To reduce order cycle times? To reduce supplier lead times? To reduce logistics costs?With these questions in mind we proceed to see what have been few emergent and successful strategies and what the challenges in implementing them are.Emerging Logistic StrategiesGiven the expanding complexities of global operations, information about logistics costs and capabilities is crucial to evaluating whether and how to leverage emerging markets as a means for increasing profit margin. Globally, there has been a trend to source from or manufacture in low-cost jurisdictions and emerging markets. This trend, however, is often offset by improverd logistics costs and economizey times, along with a growing number of complexities that need to be managed. Senior way has begun to realize that lowering unit procurement costs does not translate at one time to lower per-unit total landed costs the total costs associated with importing goods or parts from distant emerging market locations. The complexities of managing logistics in emerging market locations ultimately add to the total landed costs of the associated goods. Therefore, the process of redesigning supply chain operations to establish logistics management capabilities in emerging markets is a unplumbed dimension of a long-term business strategy.Components of this strategy should include a focus on end-to-end integrated operations design and just process discipline. Further, this focus should i nclude a means to achieve flexibility, responsiveness and resiliency to enable more effective competition in directlys environment of increasingly dynamic global business conditions. To leverage opportunities in emerging markets, companies must transition or expand from managing logistics in a limited number of local geographies to managing them in emerging market geographies worldwide in a very efficient, agile manner that supports the responsiveness and flexibility associated with an On Demand Business. Companies can leverage specific approaches to transforming their global logistics capabilities and better support the business goals of lower cost sourcing or fulfillment by taking advantage of emerging market jurisdictions.Global supply chain management a rapidly changing environment Because of competitive pressures in the global marketplace, companies are rapidly migrating to low-cost sources of labor and materials, which are typically located in countries that to a fault repr esent emerging market opportunities. But the speed of this change may bring challenges associated with escalating shipping costs and increased supply chain risk, and these challenges could exceed a companys internal skill and resource capacitance. Ifyou are adopting global sourcing practices, you may not yet have the foreign trade exist infallible to manage regulatory compliance and related global supply chain management complexities. For example, multiple, autonomous business units within an organization can contribute to a fragmented logistics process as well as create missed opportunities for leveraging economies-of-scale.Individual business units may also lack the undeniable economies-of-scale needed to establish a competitive foothold and gain sufficient influence in emerging markets. equilibrize inbound and outbound supply chain logistics requires a comprehensive strategy that incorporates all the key functions of a supply chain to accelerate or expand sourcing from emerg ing markets. This thoughttally integrated approach also helps you make strategic decisions regarding partnerships, shipping and other factors, to help ensure that savings from global sourcing are not eroded by increased logistics costs. Even more significantly, such a strategy can enable you to go beyond sourcing to position your organization to leverage your logistics capabilities to sell and distribute products within those emerging markets.Challenges to leveraging emerging markets in supply chain cost management As you expand your geographic exit of global sourcing into emerging markets, you will likely encounter a growing number of supply chain and logistics challenges, many of which directly or indirectly contribute to a large portion of total landed costs. from each one issue can be grouped into one of two categories tangible or intangible. obvious challenges of working in emerging markets include obvious things such as the limited physical pedestal of roads, bridges, harb ors and airports. Other limiting items include the communications bag needed to support the necessary IT connectivity. As constraints due to infrastructure bottlenecks represent a clear challenge, political relation agencies are more aptly able to focus on these items because the benefit for improvement extends beyond just the business sector. Enhancements to physical infrastructure help the greater population of the emerging marketplace and contribute to modernizing an replete(p) region or industry. Physical infrastructure improvements tend to have greater visibility andpolitical momentum, and often involve just a few government agencies. For example, the current infrastructure expansion in chinaware as described by EFT Research in late 20051 Between 2005 and 2008, more than US$70 billion per annum will be spent to create 75,000 new miles of expressways Forty-three airports have been added since 2001, a major focus for expansion By 2010, China plans to double the number of s hipping port berths from the 34,000 currently in use and will spend approximately US$6 billion each course of study to do so Between 2005 and 2020, China will build 25,000 km of new rail lines at a cost of US$250 billion. The net effects of current infrastructure limitations in China and other emerging markets are longer-than-expected lead times and greater vari great power in shipment cycle times. These factors have a direct impact on owned inventory levels and the overall cash-to-cash cycle time twain of which drive the need to tie up more working capital in the supply chain. These shipment cycle time delays, which can be typical, are often offset by shifting to expedited, or subvention freight service levels. However, these shifts to faster service levels are what significantly erode the expected savings in procurement and sourcing. epoch tangible infrastructure and expansion challenges within emerging markets often get the most press and visibility, it is the intangible it ems that create the greatest headaches for global logistics managers. The list of intangibles consists of items that often carry dark costs not fully grasped by companies entering an emerging market. Included are all the tariffs, duties, taxes, customs declarations processes, security and compliance requirements, and the daunting task of dealings with government agencies and multiple third parties in a foreign language. The complexity is exacerbated by variables that can constantly change and remain in a near-fluid state. Managing periodic events is complicated by the need to factor in multiple working locations, distant time zones, multiple handoffs of products and associated information, different national holidays, language and cultural barriers, and the current regulatory changes.For example, effective January 1, 2006, the Ministry of Commerce of China updated numerous regulations for export processing zones, while at the same time Chinese customs issued new regulations for bonded logistics pose that support export-related handling activities. Understanding how such changesimpact your supply chain requires in-country operating experience and deep collaborative relationships with logistics services providers who manage daily in this dynamic environment. Not to be overlooked is the significant influence that culture and management style can have on implementing and managing a logistics operation.For example, some of the fundamental differences prevalent in the Far East confrontation avoidance, top-down decision making and agreements formed through handshakes with less regard to swerveual specifics are the norm. While the Western approach to dealing with supply chain partners and vendors is to collaborate and pursue a win-win outcome, that attitude rarely prevails in many emerging market locations. Do not underestimate the impact of negotiating style and approach for dealing with suppliers found in different business cultures. In emerging market countri es where rule of legal philosophy can be erratic, establishing sound relationships with known entities is critical. get a jump on technical obstacles to integrated supply chain management Leveraging emerging markets as both product source and product destination can be a dynamic retort to global market pressures however, many companies are not well positioned to take advantage of these opportunities. The key objectives for the technical aspects of managing logistics in emerging markets are to build flexibility into the design, develop a core competence to bring logistics suppliers on board in a seamless fashion, and to enable meaningful information capture that supports continuous improvement. For example, effective supply chain management depends on visibility into the status and location of in-transit materials and products, but many companies do not have these systems in place.Fortunately, many technology-based solutions are available from a range of providers. Nearly all tran sportation companies offer some type of shipment status or information-sharing system accessible through their Web situates. In addition, there are dozens of advanced logistics readiness and execution software applications that companies can install and use themselves. While there is no comprehensive solution that efficaciously serves all industry verticals and logistics partners across the supply chain, it remains critical that companies efficiently integrate multiple applications across diverse trading partners. Even with an integrated place chain that seeks toleverage leading applications, true visibility into order and shipment status across the logistics chain depends on tightly defined processes and the ability of all logistics partners to exchange and provide timely status reports on materials in transit.Managing logistics within and outside of emerging market locations can make these processes even more repugn the increase in variables makes consistent execution and th e timely exchange of information very difficult to achieve. Meanwhile, the very nature of an emerging market means that the number of logistics services providers with the appropriate experience is limited. And switching logistics providers can be very expensive. So part of the challenge becomes finding partners who either have the appropriate experience or have established networks and partnerships with reputable local providers. Managing and mitigating the risks associated with emerging market logistics In order to address the challenges of leveraging emerging markets as a cost reducing, and eventually, a profit-boosting strategy, companies are finding that they need to develop a strategy for managing logistics that can support multiple service-level requirements.As one element of such a logistics strategy, you need to determine how, where and to what extent the services of logistics suppliers should be engaged. There are some(prenominal) logistics management options to consider before you enter a new or emerging market. One end of the spectrum involves developing extensive multifunction logistics talent within your company, and then managing specific tactical activities and numerous contracts with logistics suppliers that provide narrowly defined services within a specific region or country.In this scenario, pitfalls include the time it takes to develop or recruit the necessary level of logistics talent and leadership, and the administrative cost of managing dozens, if not hundreds, of logistics suppliers. The other end of the spectrum involves leveraging already established and proven capabilities of a few logistics service providers or even one who can orchestrate the many activities, dependencies, and relationships across a global logistics network. Companies taking this approach are able to react to new and emerging opportunities in a shorter, more cost-effective time horizon. throw 1 summarizes the spectrum of relationships with logistics partners. Figure 1 Logistics service provider optionsWhile core asset-based logistics providers are critical to logistics execution, there continues to be a competitive desire among service providers to offer strategically integrated solutions with a global reach that include already established relationships in key emerging market locations. As companies decide which model to pursue and which logistics service provider(s) to engage as potential long-term partners in an emerging market, there are a number of factors to consider Experience with integrating logistics across the supply chain and related business functions such as direct procurement Demonstrated ability to lead supply chain transformation in phased initiatives that align with current and future customer requirements An understanding of the unique characteristics of the emerging market(s) where you are considering expanding sourcing activities or establishing operations and distribution capabilities Familiarity with your indust ry vertical and the nature of your supply chain requirements Proven capabilities to advise on support and manage international trade and customs regulations The capacity to offer robust middleware as an enabler of cross-functional IT integration with multiple supply chain partners The experience and capacity to act as information broker amidst you and your supply chain partners Infrastructure and business process designs that are highly scalable and redundant A track record of solid financial health and sound corporate governance A global logistics view in alignment with a top-down business strategy helps to avoid a piecemeal logistics contracting or outsourcing management approach that could exacerbate the challenge of integration and shipment visibility. Your approach to outsourcing should help you develop a responsive, plug and play, logistics management capability that will support your door into emerging markets. This is also a key capability for enabling an adaptive gl obal supply chain footprint and competitive advantage.To boost support this goal, it is important to consolidate and align your supply chain management infrastructure, processes and procedures to reduce costs and improve efficiency. Leading logistics providers now have the resources and expertise to help you design your network and make location decisions that optimize the tradeoffs in cost, service level and risk but you should be aware that such companies may also be driven by their own business goals. When youreceive advice about which emerging markets to target, ask yourself whether this advice is aligned to your business goals, or whether it reflects the logistics suppliers own growth strategy.It is very important to look for an objective logistics partner who can establish clear business performance metrics and accountability for the entire ship-to deliver cycle. This includes activity from the shipping dock in the source country through each leg and mode of shipment. Such in formation should be a key part of the overall supply chain performance management dashboard your logistics service provider should be able to supply you with a range of data and performance metrics such as on-time legal transfer, damage rates, error rates, cost/sales percentageages and related financial metrics that drive continuous improvement efforts.IBM berth Study overcoming emerging market implementation hurdles Strong global partnerships with leading logistics suppliers are a highly valued asset when it comes to entering emerging markets. IBM offers a case in point. Several years prior to the sale of their personal computing division to Lenovo, IBM shifted PC fulfillment operations to low-cost jurisdictions and emerging market locations. IBM had been conducting business in China for many years, which provided a leverage point for establishing the necessary legal entity and business model to support a manufacturing operation that could act as a global fulfilment center for a limited line of products. Setting up shop in one of Chinas free-trade zones offered proximity to key suppliers and abundant availability of low-cost labor during a time of intense, industry wide cost pressures. But from a logistics management perspective, the implications seemed daunting.IBM needed to design and implement the capability to ship from a factory in Shenzhen to customer locations in the United States, Europe and the rest of Asia. This effort required robust process design with multiple logistics suppliers, not to mention the trade-management-related complexities associated with exporting from a free-trade zone to numerous other countries most of which had their own unique entry and customs-related procedures. In the high-tech industry, the supply chain must be responsive and fast. In logistics, this means pre-clearing shipments through customs while flights are in-transit. The most belittled of data inaccuracies on the commercial invoice or shippingmanifest during the entry process can delay shipments for hours. While an import delay of solo a few hours may not seem drastic, the result can be a missed cutoff time with the in-country ground service delivery provider.This means an entire day can be added to the shipment cycle time. IBM found that design and implementation challenges resided at the most basic levels. The infrastructure and necessary processes just for getting the trucks from the manufacturing site to the Hong Kong airport caused delays. The absolute frequency and timing of the flight schedules became the hard constraint that all other cutoff times were forced to play. Getting the necessary level of lift capacity during the high-volume, end-of-quarter seasonal peaks required frequent communication and forecast updates with freight forwarders. Continuous design improvements were needed to reach the necessary process and system integration needed between the freight forwarder, broker and customs agents in the designated country .For small shipments, IBM took advantage of integrated services provided by UPS and FedEx, both of which have ground and air assets for multi-leg shipment continuity. More problematic were larger shipments requiring multiple third party logistics organizations in a series of freight and information handoffs. IBM believes that a core logistics objective should always be to design and implement an integrated end-to-end solution that includes a process and technology design spanning all involved parties, from the shipping site to the final customer delivery location. Other emerging-market implementation hurdles faced by IBMChina is not the only major emerging market with strategic significance to the IBM supply chain and global business model. For many years, IBM has sold and distributed products in East European countries. Over the past two years, IBM has expanded operations in countries such as Hungary and the Czech Republic. IBMs most recent effort included going live with crowd an d fulfilment operations with an OEM partner in Hungary. Prior to making a decision about the final location, IBM conducted a network optimization study. Its purpose to understand the tradeoffs between fulfillment costs, logistics costs, inbound transit times from supplier locations, and outbound transit times to customers throughout Europe. The longer transit times and greater disagreement were key to understanding if entering the Hungarian marketplace to seize the benefit of lower fulfillment costs was an optimalsupply chain decision.The distance from the manufacturing site to the primary airport in Budapest is a three-hour commute on a two-lane highway. For time-sensitive orders, this long transit time effectively pushes back the cutoff time for shipping to around noon, a loss of nearly a half day. Once the decision was made to operate and ship finished products from Hungary, several supply chain and logistics design points became important to the overall cost reduction strategy. Here are some key elements that helped enable logistics management for IBM in an easterly European emerging market location Extended vendor managed inventory (VMI) programs and pricing agreements with OEM partners to ensure purchase-order flow continuity and understand Extended IBMs logistics contract agreements to components suppliers on inbound lanes in order to mitigate rising logistics costs and transit time variability Formed strong partnership with logistics service provider to allow for vendor on premises activity service supplier resources and systems that manage the flow of finished goods off the back dock Utilized the network of experienced logistics management professionals in the European region to ensure operational communications and continuity within the same time zones Took advantage of IBM business figurehead in-country and local resources to ease the language, culture, and knowledge barrier during transition and initial set up. The above examples reflect IB Ms ability to efficiently enter and enable logistics operations as a strategic component of our global business operating model.Figure 2 IBM logistics cost savings 19952004The cost savings illustrated in Figure 2 were realized during a time when IBM was entering emerging market locations to enable an integrated global footprint. The largest portions of savings were in procurement by utilizing few core service providers, and the physical network design efficiencies of operating in key emerging market locales. Realizing competitive advantage from logistics transformation You can proceed rising costs and complexities from eroding the benefits of your global sourcing strategy. The advantages of a strategic approach to logistics are broad and can result in a significant increase in shareholder value. In fact, managing logisticscosts, service-level lead times and overall supply chain security is critical to your marketplace competitiveness.Figure 3 IBM Global Logistics run ModelThe IBM model for managing global logistics highlights its capabilities as a Global Trade Orchestrator. IBM is able to scale this capability for both internal divisions and external customers. The key to managing global logistics is to enable your companys supply chain with the capability to efficiently unplug from one location or operating scenario, and enter a new or emerging market location. This capability will be both a strategic requirement and a competitive advantage, as long as worldwide business, economic and socio-political variables remain dynamic. Enabling this strategic capability requires cross-function process design, technology integration, and subject matter expertise ranging from network optimization, logistics contract and operations management to global trade and compliance management. This level of orchestration and collaboration is very scalable when merged seamlessly with a global governance model and strategically orientated leadership.Cycle time compressionLogisti cs managers have long recognized the importance of order cycle time, and this concept has entered into the planning and operation of inventory control and distribution systems for decades. More recently, logistics executives have come to recognize the strategic significance of planning, and indeed reducing, the cycle times in their systems. Throughout many different industries, and taught by the examples of successful Japanese competitors, firms are working to reduce the total time required to bring products to marketplace. As George Stalk and Thomas Hout explan in their best-selling book competing against time, today, time is on the cutting edge of competitive advantage. The ways leading companies manage time- in production, in sales and distribution, in new product development and introduction- are the most powerful new sources of competitive advantage.A cycle time compression logistics strategy can be applied to distribution and production, and firms have also shown how the strat egy can be employed in product development and roll out. In one frame of reference, cycle time canbe thought of as the time which elapses between the point at which a customer places an order and the point at which the property is received. Traditionally, logistics managers have attempted to control or reduce this order cycle time by increasing in stock availability rates, pre-positioning field inventories close to customers, or using premium flight services to speed delivery. While effective, these tactics are not without cost. From another point of view, customer order cycle times are patently important, but they do not measure the true response time of the firm since the finished goods inventory performs the function of uncoupling the demand process from the production process.From this point of view, the cycle time is the length of time material remains in the firm as it flows from raw material, to production, to finished goods, and on to delivery to the customer. Attacking thi s cycle time has several benefits. First, it makes the firm more responsive that is, the firm may be able to produce and distribute a product to a abandoned customer more quickly. Second, cycle time reduction will reduce the time that material is held as inventory, and hence will increase inventory overturn and return on assets. Firms have employed many different tactics to achieve cycle time compression in their logistics processes, but most successful applications share these common characteristics(1) The responsiveness of the total system is increased. The firm can more quickly respond to changing customer requirements because the logistics system has become more flexible and adaptive, and more easily able to react to changes in plans.(2) Inventory levels are reduced at all points in the system as on-hand stocks come to reflect more closely true customer requirements.(3) Risk and the associated costs of risk are reduced. As the cycle time falls, the demand forecasting horizon c an be reduced, which reduced the risk of stock out, lost sales, obsolescence, redistribution, expediting, and all the other problems associated with forecast error.(4) The information content of the system increases. The system comes to relyon fast and accurate transmission of information as a substitute for the inventory previously used to operate the system.To reduce cycle time companies need to look at the four major discrete cash cycles within their firms. The sales cycle is the first one to tackle. How long does it take from first cutaneous senses with a customer to get a signed purchase order? Typically youre incurring, and paying for, sales expenses during that process. If your normal sales cycle is three months, is there any way to collapse it to two months? One of the best ways to answer that question is by bringing together people within the organization who both work in the sales arena and interface with it. It can also be helpful to have someone from the outside who is not all that familiar with the process in the review. Benefits of cycle time reduction are common in all four areas. The result will be reduced cycle times that translate into a more effective organization and additional money in the bank.Cross-docking The need for speedIn todays high velocity supply chain world, companies are increasingly focusing on distribution methods that will drive efficiency and increase customer satisfaction. Gone are the days where customer service was merely a buzz word. With the focus on customer service, companies have moved away for a supply driven business towards a demand driven business. Companies are also constantly searching for ways to reduce inventory and retentivity cost. The increase in speed has forced companies to search for ways to reduce product cycle time and move product quickly and cost effectively. Over the years, companies have seen a dramatic increase in the number of stock keeping units (SKU).The increase in the number of SKUs h as added complexity to the business and also has increased the cost and time needed to manage the business. Department heads face additional pressure as they are required to stock shelves with the right products and ensure that customer demand is met all times. In todays high speed world, shipping windows are changing rapidly, as retail clients demand increased speed to meet store requirements. To achieve these goals, cross-docking has been pushed to the frontline of the distribution strategy.What is cross-docking?Cross-docking is a system that relies on speed and agility and is normally used in hub-and-spoke operations. Cross-docking, in short, is the shipment and receiving of goods by bypassing the storage facility. In the process of cutting out the need for a storage facility, inventory can move quickly from one end of the supply chain to the other. Cross-docking is a fairly simplistic way of handling inventory that involves loading and unloading inventory from an incoming truck onto an outboard truck. During cross-docking storage time varies. However, most experts would agree that anything less than two days can be considered as cross-docking. In some cases staging also takes place.For all of its simplicity, cross-docking requires detailed planning and collaboration with partners. Companies require advance knowledge of product shipment and final destination of goods. Setting up the required infrastructure and systems can take time and capital. Logistic managers are increasingly making use of technology such as Warehouse Management Systems (WMS) and automated processes. It is important to note that technology is not the key to success. However, the right system can smooth out problems and increase visibility in the chain. Companies now have the ability to send products on a Friday night, receive them on Saturday, and sell the products later in the day.How is it used?Cross-docking is used in a variety of strategies that include consolidating fill up of less -that-truck load (LTL) carriers, consolidate loads from multiple suppliers and/or plants, deconsolidating orders, and preparing for shipping. Cross-docking can be divided into different complexity levels including one-touch, two-touch and multiple-touch. One-touch is considered the highest productivity as products are not laden on the dock, but is loaded directly on the truck. During two-touch the focus is on load optimization and driving efficiencies. Inventory is received and staged on the dock, without making use of a storage facility. During multiple-touch, products are received and staged for reconfiguration and customization. An increasing number of companies are starting to use cross-docking in their operations.In a 2008 cross-docking trends report in the US, 52 percent of respondents stated that use cross-docking with a further 13 percent planning to start cross-docking in the next 24 months. A number of companies areoutsourcing cross-docking. By doing so, they avoid the ch allenges of setting up and running a cross-docking operation. legion(predicate) companies start small and pilot projects are common as they explore the configuration that best fits their needs. For cross-docking to succeed it needs to be a coordinated effort that relies on close partnership and collaboration.What are the advantages?One of the key advantages of cross-docking is that companies are reducing their need for warehousing space, which reduces inventory holding cost. Cross-docking facilities are much cheaper to set up and run than warehouses and companies can save on the capital investment in warehouses. In some cases, companies can reduce warehouse floor space and sell off or lease out underutilized facilities. Companies like Toyota have designed and strengthened their own cross-docking facilities. Normally these facilities are strategically located to reduce distance and maximize support. Some of the biggest advantages for companies are transport related. Companies can a chieve significant cost savings, by consolidating loads of LTL carriers. Pallets that are heading for the same destination are consolidated and staged by order sequence. By doing this, companies can reduce the distribution cost of the total supply chain and pass the savings on to the consumer.By making use of cross-docking, companies can furthermore reduce the impact of rising energy cost. Companies like Toyota have used this strategy to great effect. With the increased reliance on Just-in-Time (JIT), parts are being shipped at higher frequency and lower quantity. By making use of cross-docking, Toyota has reduced distribution cost by consolidating smaller part supplies into consolidated loads. Cross-docking has allowed companies to increase JIT and remove waster or muda in the organization. The increased speed in the supply chain helps companies to reduce product cycle time and move product quickly and efficiently down or up the chain. In Toyotas case, this has allowed them to incr ease delivery frequency and in some cases even double delivery cycles. Cross-docking also have some major benefits where inventory is limited. As inventory is not kept in storage, companies require less stock.The reduction in inventory will reduce holding cost and at the same time satisfy demand. One of the major benefits of cross-docking is also the reduction of labour cost. With the downturn in theeconomy, companies will increasingly look at cross-docking as a possibility. Cross-docking can reduce staff numbers and their associated labour cost and also gives the organization greater flexibility during an economic downturn. Many companies, however, do not start cross-docking primarily for cost reasons. They start to improve customer service. Todays customers require greater speed and are also more demanding. Companies should establish clear goals and be willing to test different options. For companies that want to streamline operations and increase the supply chain velocity, cross- docking may be the right solution.Implementation Issues and ConclusionsMany firms have embraced and employed supply chain management and cycle time compression strategies in their logistics operations with dramatically positivistic results. However, not all such attempts have been successful, nor has every implementation proved straightforward or simple. In this section, I will list observations and conclusions drawn from dozens of firms which have implemented these logistics strategies (1) Supply chain management and cycle time compression are complementary strategies.The logistics manager is not forced to choose between these two strategies in and either/or basis. In fact, the two strategies are often mutually supportive and self-reinforcing. The strategies so frequently are seen together that it can be difficult or arbitrary to distinguish between them. In practice, the distinction between the two strategies is often blurred. A principal reason to develop supply chain managemen t is often to capture and amplify the benefits of cycle time compression by applying the strategy at all levels in the chain.(2) Each strategy has common barriers to successful implementation.There are many pitfalls involved in employing these strategies, but the most significant problems are generally of two types luxuriously complexity. The new systems are usually much more complicated than the systems and procedures which they replace. Supply chain management, as embodied for example in a quick response system, requires co-ordination of SKU-level item flows across firm boundaries in near real time with great precision and reliability. Lowinventory levels place the entire operation at risk to errors at any level in the system. New data systems and communications systems are needed to drive the logistics flow, and these systems are needed to drive the logistics flow, and these systems must perform flawlessly. In a successful cross docking operation, vehicle schedule and despatchin g is crucially important as well, and completely reliable carriers must be found. High trust.Supply chain management and cycle time compression must be based on high levels of trust within the mixed parts of a given firm, such as between production and distribution and between sales and distribution. In addition, very high levels of trust must be established and maintained between buyers and sellers in the supply chain, as well as between shippers and carriers and warehouses. Supply chain members must share and vindication highly sensitive data, and all parties must be given candid estimates of production schedules, shipping status, and delivery dates. Inability or unwillingness to share these data will generally frustrate meaningful attempts to establish the close co-ordination implied by these strategies.(3) Information technology is the key enabling technology. Another common thread in the successful implementation history of these strategies in American firms is the reliance on fast and accurate information technology. Most such logistics systems use barcode scanning or some other form of automatic identification to provide input of SKU-level transaction data onn sales, inventory and shipments. Data are normally telecommunicated between diverse operating locations, usually by EDI. In addition, some form of high-level logistics system software is needed to guide the operation of the strategy.(4) Inventory reduction as a benefit. Most successful case histories of supply chain management or cycle time reduction will include inventory reduction, but inventory reduction will not be the whole story. Generally, inventory reduction will be one item on the list of benefits and cost savings which were sought or obtained. In many cases savings due to inventory reduction will be substantial, while in other cases inventory reduction may be a relatively minor consideration.(5) Successful logistics strategies must be integrated with production, marketing, and total cor porate strategy. Supply chain management and cycle time compression are strategies which are often highly compatible with the overall strategy being pursued by the firm. Compression of the logistics component of the firms total cycle time is an integral component of the firms overall strategy of time-based competition. Logistics cycle time compression and supply chain co-ordination are also highly supportive of the general strategy of flexible manufacturing towards which many firms are moving.Many other firms are moving towards a marketing strategy which looks beyond mere customer satisfaction in an attempt to move past the competition by delighting the customer. In this context, compression of logistics cycle time increases the responsiveness of the logistics system to the customers desires. Incorporating the customer into the formal supply chain system should improve the level of support provided to the customer as well as increase the customers ability to convey its needs and wan ts to the firm and have them acted on. In this way supply chain approach will work to reinforce the marketing strategy.Supply chain management and cycle time compression are complementary logistics strategy which progressive firms are employing in many different ways and in many different settings. These strategies are not simply or easily developed, but the results achieved through their use are often dramatic. Any firm which is truly serious about competing in the marketplace should very carefully consider the implications of these strategies for its operations.